Suchergebnisse

Global informatization, manifestations of which are characteristic for the past decades, became the basis of the formation of the new model of the economy – digital economy, which became the development strategy of the most developed countries of the world. In Ukraine there is not any consistent tactic of building up a national digital economic business space as yet. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to substantiate theoretically the essence of digital economy and its conceptual reflection in the economic policy of the EU, as well to analyze the status and specific features of the Ukrainian economic system in terms of integration into international digital environment. The research methods are system analysis. Based on a number of scientific sources, it was revealed that the conceptual basis for the development of the digital economy in Europe consists of 5 metrics of the program of digital entrepreneurship: a) digital knowledge and ICT market, b) digital business environment, c) access to finance for businesses, d) digital skills of the labor force and electronic leadership, e) creating supporting entrepreneurial culture. In the course of the study we defined the centres of growth of digital technologies and communication in Ukraine, which can become the basis for further positive changes, at the same time we identified the main obstacles, as well as the lagging industries, because of whose performance the world ratings of Ukraine go down. A conclusion was made about the need to build an efficient national strategy for the development of the digital economy taking into account both positive and negative aspects of the experience of the EU countries. The scientific novelty of the work is in identifying features of the development of information and telecommunication technologies in Ukraine, which are in the uneven "informatization", depending on the industries and sectors of the economy, in the lack of digital strategy of the state, in the inconsistency in regulatory policy and distrust of the population in modern financial instruments. The findings made as the results of the research can be used for differentiation of users of digital information and the development of strategy of their engagement in certain segments. In the future, it is advisable to examine the European experience about the inclusion of objectives concerning the development of the digital economy in the global plan of reformation of the state.

У 20­х рр. минулого століття спостерігалося намагання різних верств українського суспільства повернути церковній організації національні ознаки. Взаємовідносини радянської держави і Православної церкви викликали й викликають неабиякий інтерес як у вітчизняних, так і зарубіжних дослідників. Останнім часом помітно зріс інтерес науковців до проблеми державно­церковних відносин в Україні. Тому виникла необхідність дослідити радянське законодавство в перші десятиліття перебування більшовиків при владі, яке безпосередньо стосувалося та впливало на державно­церковні відносини в Україні.Одним із найважливіших знарядь більшовицької держави, за допомогою якого вона мала намір здійснити революційні перетворення у сфері державно­церковних відносин, було радянське право. Перші законодавчі акти радянської влади підірвали соціальну та економічну базу Церкви. Радянським законодавством оголошувалося про відокремлення церкви від держави і визначалися конкретні заходи для втілення цього законодавства в життя. Для радянської держави всі засоби відокремлення стали надзвичайно важливим етапом у справі усунення Церкви зі сфери економічного і політичного життя суспільства.Сформоване радянською владою законодавство по відокремленню церкви від держави було спрямоване на формування досить широкого кола правовідносин, визначало різноманітний об'єктивний склад цих правовідносин, різні превентивні, регулятивні, охоронні заходи та різні способи правового регулювання. ; У 20­х рр. минулого століття спостерігалося намагання різних верств українського суспільства повернути церковній організації національні ознаки. Взаємовідносини радянської держави і Православної церкви викликали й викликають неабиякий інтерес як у вітчизняних, так і зарубіжних дослідників. Останнім часом помітно зріс інтерес науковців до проблеми державно­церковних відносин в Україні. Тому виникла необхідність дослідити радянське законодавство в перші десятиліття перебування більшовиків при владі, яке безпосередньо стосувалося та впливало на державно­церковні відносини в Україні.Одним із найважливіших знарядь більшовицької держави, за допомогою якого вона мала намір здійснити революційні перетворення у сфері державно­церковних відносин, було радянське право. Перші законодавчі акти радянської влади підірвали соціальну та економічну базу Церкви. Радянським законодавством оголошувалося про відокремлення церкви від держави і визначалися конкретні заходи для втілення цього законодавства в життя. Для радянської держави всі засоби відокремлення стали надзвичайно важливим етапом у справі усунення Церкви зі сфери економічного і політичного життя суспільства.Сформоване радянською владою законодавство по відокремленню церкви від держави було спрямоване на формування досить широкого кола правовідносин, визначало різноманітний об'єктивний склад цих правовідносин, різні превентивні, регулятивні, охоронні заходи та різні способи правового регулювання. ; In the 20­s of the last century there were attempts of various strata of Ukrainian society in returning of national signs to the Church organization. The relationship between the Soviet state and the Orthodox Church has caused a great interest among both national and foreign researchers. In these latter days considerably increased the interest of scientists to the problem of Church­state relations in Ukraine. Therefore there was a need to explore the Soviet legislation in the first decades of the Bolsheviks stay in power, which is directly concerned and affected the state­Church relations in Ukraine.One of the most important tools of the Bolshevik state was Soviet law which had intended to carry out a revolution in the sphere of state­Church relations. The first legislative acts of the Soviet power blew up the social and economic base of the Church. Soviet law was declared on the separation of Church from state and defined specific measures to implement this legislation in life.For the Soviet state all tools of the separation became an important stage in removing the Church from the sphere of economic and political life of the society.Formed by the Soviet regime legislation on separation of Church and state was aimed at the formation of a rather wide range of legal relationships, defined variety objective of these legal relations, various preventive, regulatory, enforcement activities and the different methods of legal regulation.

Considering archival documents and specialized scientific literature, the author analyzes the national policy of the tsarist government and its impact on the Polish people and the Catholic Church in «South-Western Region» at the end of 18th — early 20th ct.

It is need to make comparison of the architectural heritage of European countries and the USSR that in the first half of the twentieth century belonged to states with totalitarian political regimes, to establish the main tendencies in their architecture − the common features and differences − and to find out the reasons for their appearance. This time, beginning in the 1920s, marked the emergence of totalitarian regimes in European life as a reaction on the political turmoil that took place in a number of countries after the First World War. The war led to a major political, economic and cultural crisis, in the background of which there was a change of political regimes. A wave of formation of reactionary parties was sweeping through Europe, and Spain, Italy, Portugal and Germany formed a system of government which was based on a one-party system that led by the leader. For these countries it was characterized by rigorous control from the top of power absolutely in all aspects of life − the economy on the basis of private property and market relations, a policy of categorical non-perception of other political forces and movements, culture, which reflected in various forms the idea of creating a social consciousness on the basis of feeling the exclusivity of the nation, and therefore the priority right to resolve the fate of other peoples. What distinguished the Soviet political system from European political regimes? First, the idea of democracy in the form of local councils of people's deputies (the authorities from below, from the people - upwards) was absorbed by the party system, formed on the principle "on the contrary", as a command system (from the helmsman to the people). Therefore, in the process of perfection, it turned into a conglomerate in which the legislative branch of power became a puppet and completely dependent on the main party component of the system of government [1, 2]. Second, there was no private property in the USSR. Land and other natural resources, all means of production belonged to the state, were at the disposal and under the strict control of the authorities. Thirdly, public consciousness was formed in the spirit of patriotism, love for national culture, faith in the bright future, which would determine the party leadership (which meant the transfer of responsibility for its own fate to the representatives of the authorities) and friendly relations with other peoples. The public consciousness forming the direction of the development of culture was a consequence of the embodiment of the state-ideological essence of social life to thinking of the society, which was programmed by the leadership of the state. The means of architecture that are under the influence of state ideology, the specifics of the economic system, the formed psychology of society and social consciousness, forms an artificial environment of human being, which, on the one hand, reflects socio-political processes, on the other, creates an environment that educates a person in a certain the corresponding direction. Under totalitarian systems, both sides are pushing for a person stronger in the direction desired by the ruling power, limiting its freedom is felt stronger than in a democratic political system. Consequently, the first half of the twentieth century was marked both in Europe and in the Soviet Union by the creation of totalitarian regimes, which were clearly reflected in the formation of the architectural environment. So whether the common features in the political-economic system, political events and the development of the culture of European states and the USSR influenced onto architecture, its form and style? Have any cardinal differences been observed? When were they, what caused their appearance? Where did the causal link between the political-economic system and architecture look? An overview of the architectural and urban heritage has shown that for all European countries, where reactionary regimes were established, the following was typical: giantomania in the size of objects that were prestigious for the authorities and the state; style building based on national, ancient traditions; purism, asceticism, lapidary and, at the same time, simplicity and monumental forms; axial symmetry of city-building ensembles; moderate, but accurate, in the main places of use of state symbols; application of additional decorative symbols emphasizing the connection with the ancient past: figures of a physically strong man, a bull, horses, more often in the form of sculptures, less often − bas-relief; monotonous interpretation of the wall − without cavities or with identical cutouts, which served as a monumental background for a separate sculpture, emphasizing its symbolic meaning. The rationalism of architectural forms was manifested in the purity and concordance of the plan, the architectonics of the building, which brightly and precisely helped to focus the viewer's attention and emphasized the value of a single symbol. The simplicity of the formation of European functionalism, which was combined with the symmetry of the architectural-spatial composition and the neoclassical manifestations of the warrant, the great-power symbols and monumental forms, as well as expensive materials, created a special direction of the open-mindedness of the state-ideological content of architecture. By such means, the architecture articulated outside clearly demonstrative and ideological reference to an absolutely indisputable order in the state, based on conquering the authorities, carrying the order to other peoples and deciding their fate at the discretion of this power. Before the war, the Soviet Union embarked on a path of rebirth and creative rethinking of the classical heritage. Withdrew from the tendencies of the spread of constructivist industrial forms in the urban environment, Soviet architecture moved through the formation of the Russian empire. Thanks to the desire to glorify the existing system of government at that time, the USSR chose the classic principles in architecture: the classical perimeter building of quarters and the symmetrical structure of the facades were revived; the mandatory formation of the main city center on the basis of the axis of symmetry and the main buildings with towers and spikes in completion, with many state symbols, which looked like an explicit selection of decorative forms and details. In the postwar period, state symbols that had to remind of the role of the Soviet state in the life of the people and to demonstrate the differences between Soviet architecture and the architecture of the Russian Empire, began to appear anywhere. The unlimited number of that symbolism simply shouted about the ideological purpose, but at the same time it reduced its value. In addition to such obsessive use of symbolism, the psychological effect was enhanced by other decorative elements that performed an additional auxiliary function. It is a variety of symbols of fertility, labor, a bright future that awaits the people in the form of justice, equality, peaceful life, and well-being. The combination of a heavy order with a richly decorated facade created in the architecture of a fairy tale about a strong, reliable, mighty state, which promised protection and happiness to its people. An unlikely architectural form and style that did not correspond to real situations (repressions in the country and arms race among the states) formed a decorative screen that covered the real state-ideological content of the formed urban environment. Consequently, the architectural and urban heritage frankly reflected the true manifestations of the state-ideological goal of countries with totalitarian political regimes. The architectural legacy of European states significantly differed from that of the USSR by the fact that European states frankly proclaimed the ambition of their own political programs, and the Soviet state with the help of architectural means created an idyll of peacefulness and a bright future.

It is studied information asymmetry in terms of the internationalization of the world economy prevents optimal decision making, creates additional transaction costs for producers, resulting in an unequal position in the market economic actors affect the behavior of firms and leads to a fall in the market. It is defined that asymmetric information is mainly seen on the markets of developing countries: users have no information or full information, or uneven advantage of it, resulting in the displacement of manufacturers of quality products and market failure

The author analyzes historical facts of involving children in military affairs and armed conflicts. The author comes to the conclusions that classical international law lacks rules on preventing the children involvement into armed conflicts and provides children protection only in the context of the non-combatants protection. During the Ist and IInd World Wars there arose such a phenomenon as children soldiers. Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1924 did not created an effective mechanism for preventing the children involvement into armed conflicts. This goal was partially achieved only with the adoption of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention and Additional Protocol1 to it. Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the children involvement into armed conflicts, ILO Convention No 182 and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court today constitute a mechanism preventing the involvement of children in armed conflicts. It is offered on nationally level to criminalize the involvement of children in armed conflicts and ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court for prosecution of persons accused of the children involvement in armed conflict.

Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

The main directions (kinds) of the public movements for the protection of human rights in Ukraine and other states of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the period of 1989–1991 are analyzed. The employment of an interdisciplinary approach allowed to study the influence of these movements on the change of the social consciousness and on the increase of patriotic and opposition sentiments in the society. It is indicated that such movements appeared in different spheres of the society life and had dissimilar intensity. In particular, in the article, the following most significant directions of the public movements are being analyzed, which took place, in fact, in all CEE countries including Ukraine: Helsinki Human Rights Movement; youth movements aimed at fighting for democracy and the state independence as well as the protection of rights for education; public movements for protection of religious, ecological, and employment rights (labor and trade union movements). The political and legal analysis conducted demonstrates that the new public movements and public organizations in their first years of activity did not always have the directly protesting or clearly oppositional character. The conditions imposed by them concerned rather enhancement of the rights and freedoms, limitation of the state intrusion into particular spheres of life, improvement of the conditions of the social and political development, etc. Nevertheless, with the flow of time, such public movements in different spheres of public life very often gained political and opposing character. As a result, the conclusion has been made that the indicated movements have played the key role in the realization of antitotalitarian revolutions, the overthrow of totalitarianism, and building the new democratic regimens in the CEE countries. The development of the public movements for the protection of human rights in Ukraine in the period of 1989-1991 was aimed at preserving the identity, which contributed to the formation of the liberation movement in ...