Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Russian political and military projects between 1789 and 1791. These projects were represented as different notes, letters, orders of Grigory Potemkin and foresaw the initiation and usage of the orthodox population of the south-eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth revolts. They were precursory approved by Ekaterina II and were intended to be used in case of a war conflict with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth if the force balance was unprofitable for Russia. Four main reasons that did not let these plans to be accomplished are specified in this work. Firstly, the weakening of the Russian influence among the dissidents of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792). Secondly, the changes on the global stage, that diminished the threat of simultaneous attack of several European countries on Russia, as well as the disadvantageous for G. Potemkin court conjuncture, that of the increased influence of the new favourite – Platon Zubov. And lastly – the French Revolution influence, which forced Ekaterina II to avoid supporting the lower class, which included most of the local orthodox population. In this article Ekaterina's II refusal to start the religious and class war in the Right-Bank Ukraine is considered as one of the factors leading to the alternative scenario of Russian military intervention in the internal affairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – in the formation of Targowica confederation. ; К вопросу о том, почему конфессиональный фактор не стал определяющим во втором разделе Речи Посполитой. Статья посвящена анализу содержания российских военно-политических проектов 1789–1791 гг. по инициированию и использованию в собственных целях волнений православного населения в юго-восточных регионах Речи Посполитой. Эти проекты – представленные в виде различных записок, писем и распоряжений Г. А. Потёмкина – получили предварительное одобрение Екатерины II, которая была намерена использовать их в случае начала военного ...

This article addresses some aspects of the functioning of the concept of 'citizen' in the political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the dominant nobility's discourse, the concept gained a strictly defined meaning: a citizen was, namely, a person entitled to wield or exercise political power in the state. In the estate society realities, it actually boiled down to mutual identification of two concepts: 'citizen' and 'nobleman'. The bourgeois conception of citizenship took shape in confrontation with such understanding of the idea, formulated and propagated by Protestant townsmen – mainly by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof and Michał Gröll, book traders, printers and publishers from Saxony. They derived the meaning of 'citizen' from 'resident'. In such a concept, the term extended to all the inhabitants of Poland-Lithuania – apart from the nobility, it included, also the townspeople and the peasantry. In this context, of relevance are the changes in the meaning of the German term Bürger (burgher, citizen of the state), which influenced Polish political discourse. This leads to the conclusion that the latter half of the eighteenth century saw the idea of citizenship in its modern meaning.

This article addresses some aspects of the functioning of the concept of 'citizen' in the political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the dominant nobility's discourse, the concept gained a strictly defined meaning: a citizen was, namely, a person entitled to wield or exercise political power in the state. In the estate society realities, it actually boiled down to mutual identification of two concepts: 'citizen' and 'nobleman'. The bourgeois conception of citizenship took shape in confrontation with such understanding of the idea, formulated and propagated by Protestant townsmen – mainly by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof and Michał Gröll, book traders, printers and publishers from Saxony. They derived the meaning of 'citizen' from 'resident'. In such a concept, the term extended to all the inhabitants of Poland-Lithuania – apart from the nobility, it included, also the townspeople and the peasantry. In this context, of relevance are the changes in the meaning of the German term Bürger (burgher, citizen of the state), which influenced Polish political discourse. This leads to the conclusion that the latter half of the eighteenth century saw the idea of citizenship in its modern meaning.

The political discourse in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth changed deeply in the second half of the eighteenth century. New concepts, terms and notions were integrated into it, some of them drawn from the vocabularies of Western philosophers. The article tries to answer the question what these concepts or notions were, and how their adaptation informed the language itself and the descriptions of the political world and political-system projects formulated in it. Based on the analysis of theoretical treatises as well as writings produced as part of current political debate of the years 1764–92, the author seeks to demonstrate the ways in which the political disputants of King Stanislaus Augustus's time endeavoured to face the state's crisis through introducing new words and ideas, and in which the language was adapting to the challenges of the changing socio-political situation. She argues that the concepts which appeared in the last quarter of the century in the Polish political language were fundamental to the description and view of the world – to the extent that a breakthrough in Polish discussion on society and state is identifiable along these lines.

The political discourse in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth changed deeply in the second half of the eighteenth century. New concepts, terms and notions were integrated into it, some of them drawn from the vocabularies of Western philosophers. The article tries to answer the question what these concepts or notions were, and how their adaptation informed the language itself and the descriptions of the political world and political-system projects formulated in it. Based on the analysis of theoretical treatises as well as writings produced as part of current political debate of the years 1764–92, the author seeks to demonstrate the ways in which the political disputants of King Stanislaus Augustus's time endeavoured to face the state's crisis through introducing new words and ideas, and in which the language was adapting to the challenges of the changing socio-political situation. She argues that the concepts which appeared in the last quarter of the century in the Polish political language were fundamental to the description and view of the world – to the extent that a breakthrough in Polish discussion on society and state is identifiable along these lines.

Abstract
Referring to Fustel de Coulanges' distinction of urbs and civitas, the article discusses political theory and practice in 16th-17th-century Poland. While in western Europe an important shift in the notion of politics took place, and the civitas aspect of cities deteriorated as they were conquered by new centralized nation-states, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was an attempt to recreate the ancient and mediaeval concept of civitas – a community of free citizens, actively participating in the government – at the state level. As its proponents, such as Stanisław Sarnicki, argued, Poland was to become a city rather than a state, and so the theoretical justification, political practice, and eventual failure of this project is an interesting, though extreme, historical example of difficulties embedded in a more universal 'quest for the political form that would permit the gathering of the energies of the city while escaping the fate of the city' (Manent 2013: 5).

Acknowledgements -- Name & Place Conventions -- Timeline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- List of maps -- PART I: The Commonwealth in the Age of Reformation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2 The Land of Many Sects -- PART II: The Reformed Churches -- Chapter 3: Church polity -- Chapter 4: The liturgy -- Chapter 5: Church discipline -- Chapter 6: The ministry -- Chapter 7: Patterns of piety -- PART III: The Reformed Faithful -- Chapter 8: The nobles convert -- Chapter 9: Few sheep are better than a herd of pigs -- Chapter 10: Calvinists in royal towns -- Chapter 11: Calvinist fishing in Lutheran waters -- Chapter 12: Women & Calvinism -- Chapter 13: The ambiguity of numbers -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.

Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Tables and Figures -- Notes on Contributors -- 1: By Way of Introduction: National Bibliography and Collective Catalogues of Printed Material Produced in the First Centuries of Print in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- Part 1: English Recusant Presence in the Print Culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- 2: Recusant Prose in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century -- 3: James VI and I, the Scottish Jesuit, and the Polish Pasquils -- 4: English Recusants in the Jesuit Theatre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- 5: In the Eye of the Storm: Books in the Conflict between the Jesuits and the University of Kraków (1622-1634) -- 6: Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (1549-1616): Prince, Patron and Printer -- Part 2: Subversive Publishing during the Elizabethan Settlement -- 7: "Guiding Souls to Goodness and Devotion": Clandestine Publications and the English Jesuit Mission -- 8: "Books Which are Necessary for Them": Reconstructing a Jesuit Missionary Library in Wales and the English Borderlands, ca. 1600-1679 -- 9: Luis De Granada's Mission to Protestant England: Translating the Devotional Literature of the Spanish Counter-Reformation -- 10: Persons' Displeasure: Collaboration and Design in Leicester's Commonwealth -- 11: Goslicius' Englished Senator: An Anatomy of Manipulative Translation -- Part 3: Crossing National Borders of Censorship -- 12: A Cosmopolitan Book: Edmund Campion's Rationes Decem -- 13: Lay Catholic Book Ownership and International Catholicism in Elizabethan England -- 14: Richard Verstegan as a Publicist of the Counter-Reformation: Religion, Identity and Clandestine Literature -- Index.