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At head of title: The Dimensionality of Nations, Project, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls constructs a comprehensive social contract theory of justice to stand as a substantive alternative to utilitarianism. This work combines and develops the ideas of earlier essays, such as "Justice as Fairness" (1958), "The Sense of Justice" (1963), "Constitutional Liberty" (1963) and "Civil Disobedience" (1966), into a systematic moral and political philosophy of astonishing power and subtlety. I shall sketch its main principles, their derivation and justification, and then raise some questions about the supposed opposition between the standards of justice and utility.

Any economic theory of value is divided into two parts: the notion of value, and its determination. Since the latter normally depends on the former, our investigation will be directed principally to the notion of economic value in the period preceding Marx's Critique of Political Economy and Capital. Before the Classical labour theory of value, we have no complete system of economic value. Naturally, the notion of value existed from very early times, for common-sense always expressed an estimate of the utility of goods both as satisfying personal needs and for purposes of exchange. As history evolved and as exchange increased, however, economic value began to acquire a growing importance. ; N/A

The originality of Bakhtin's fragmentary and partial theory of literary genre is underlined in this article. Bakhtin's reflexion on genre is very different from that of his Formalist contemporaries. Instead of proposing elaborate typologies or generic categories, Bakhtin more often devotes his attention to showing that a meaningful approach to the topic must be diachronic. From an epistemological point of view, the possibility of exact duplication or repetition of the same generic device from text to text is denied. Each text (or reading of a text) is a new performance in which generic material is reworked and re-presented. There are affinities, therefore, between the positions of Bakhtin and Fredric Jameson (in The Political Unconscious). Generic categories are useful only if they are seen as diagnostic tools which help us to better understand how texts enter into dialogic relations with each other.

In the German Ideology (1845-1846), Marx developed what he called his "materialist view of the world." Engels later called it historical materialism. This view involves many problems, and a great deal of disagreement exists over what follows from it concerning the relationship of ideas to material conditions. I would like to try to explain Marx's theory of ideas as well as the methodology connected with it, and to show that these matters can be clarified by examining important differences between the views held in the German Ideology and those held, on the one hand, earlier in the 1844 Manuscripts, and, on the other hand, later in the Griindrisse, the Critique of Political Economy, and Capital.

The formulation of the successive Five-Year Plans in India has led to a steady evolution of economic thinking on questions relating to planning theory and techniques. However, the interplay between plans and economic thinking has often been tenuous. At times there may even have been post-facto rationalization of investment decisions taken on political grounds by ingenious designing of suitable models. At other times, model building and analysis have inevitably gone ahead of the plans. However, it is possible to identify with each plan certain basic model-types, which have provided the intellectual backbone to that plan and were the object of extensive economic debate. It is indeed surprising that while the true cost of labor came in for a good deal of discussion, the associated concept of the true cost of capital did not figure much in the Indian discussion. It was, of course, mentioned from time to time that the market rate of interest did not reflect the true scarcity of capital but it was not quite clear what was meant by such an expression.

The formulation of the successive Five-Year Plans in India has led to a steady evolution of economic thinking on questions relating to planning theory and techniques. However, the interplay between plans and economic thinking has often been tenuous. At times there may even have been post-facto rationalization of investment decisions taken on political grounds by ingenious designing of suitable models. At other times, model building and analysis have inevitably gone ahead of the plans. However, it is possible to identify with each plan certain basic model-types, which have provided the intellectual backbone to that plan and were the object of extensive economic debate. It is indeed surprising that while the true cost of labor came in for a good deal of discussion, the associated concept of the true cost of capital did not figure much in the Indian discussion. It was, of course, mentioned from time to time that the market rate of interest did not reflect the true scarcity of capital but it was not quite clear what was meant by such an expression.

Let us choose to be rational. As designers we shall aim to produce the best designs possible - to optimize. To optimize from whose point of view? Ours, of course. This does not mean we should ignore society, the tenants, or the owner, nor even the architect and the contractor; their interests mould our own. For the sake of simplicity I shall assume that our values coincide with those of society. If the owner's, the architect's, or the contractor's do not, why too bad for them, or for us. The present treatment should serve as a guide to take the compromise decisions that real situations force upon us; and it is directly applicable when we are employed by a branch of a government that represents the people.

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.

This paper briefly explores some of the ways in which Mikhail Bakhtin reaffirms the principle of the non-identity yet inseparability of theory and practice in literary criticism. The lesson is one which stresses the need to disentangle the critical discourse from idealistic theoretical issues and engage in a materialist practice of criticism. If polyphonical dialogism (especially with respect to contemporary polyphony) is not to be confused with dialectics, then the most urgent and perhaps the most difficult task for the critic facing a polyphonic narrative is to negotiate the text in terms of the socio-historical actuality of the transformation which that text proposes. An analysis of D.M. Thomas' The White Hotel illustrates the ideological problems that arise when the operative system of the polyphonical narrative structure is stretched to the limit—as is moreover the case with many contemporary novels. And if the critic is to engage in a form of praxis, then he has to re-dialecticize the political (unconscious?) consciousness, in short, to politicize and not merely theorize its anticipated actualization.

In this article, which has not been published before, the late Prof. du Plessis lays bare the philosophical roots of the liberal-democratic state, or the legal state, as he preferred to call it. After a recapitulative version of the theory of the legal state, het indicates the origin of this form in Greek philosophy and in Medieval thought. The stress, however, is on the Modem Era, in which he distinuishes two main periods in the development of the theory of the legal state:the jusnaturalistic period and thepositivistic or formal period.He argues that positivism has destroyed the original ideal o f individual freedom in facts by regarding justice as a purely formal matter susceptible to any content. All guarantees for individual freedom which rested on a universal normative system fe ll away. The state defines its own competence and limits itself to legal forms in all its activities. The legal state thus merely becomes the state, any state as determined by fixed rules o f its own making to which it binds itselfin all its functioning. Law sinks to a mere form in which the juristic personality of the state manifests its supremacy, and from this there is only one step to the concept that the state is identical with law, so that any state necessarily is a legal state, and any state action which is formally correct, is legal. The article concludes with a brief representation o f the author's own political and legal vision.

The ^great firm' theory of Mughal decline relies on secondary sources for its comprehensive data base; it clarifies & extends existing economic theories of imperial decline. Most writers have treated bankers & other financial & merchant groups as segmental rather than strategic elites, but they were indispensable to the functioning of Mughal government, & the great firms' diversion of resources from the Mughals to other political powers in the Indian subcontinent directly contributed to the downfall of the empire. A working definition of great firms in the Mughal period is proposed, along with lines of further research to adequately test the theory. The advantages of this theory over others are outlined, & the bankers in Mughal India are briefly contrasted with those in imperial China. Modified AA.

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the print media (specifically newspapers) impact on public policy making. The study examines the communications function the newspaper performs for societal groups that influence the allocation of resources via the political mechanism, It compares bureaus, interest groups, industry and plain citizens in their use of the press and analyzes differences among them, It also generates hypotheses which suggest how individual groups structure their relationships with newspapers. We expect to find that some groups have greater success at getting their policy goals published in the print media, This is because each group will face different opportunity costs and constraints from that process. The narrow hypothesis I wish to focus upon is that bureaus will have less relative costs than other groups have and that they are constrained from employing other methods of influencing policy which are available to other groups, This makes the net benefits of publicity through media higher for bureaus than for other groups. Therefore, we expect to find bureaus disproportionately represented in newspaper articles and publication views. The hypothesis was tested using data obtained from the Los Angeles Times which dealt with air and water pollution. The results are generally favorable and suggest that the approach is fruitful. ; Ph. D.

Here, Philip Bobbitt studies the basis for the legitimacy of judicial review by examining six types of constitutional argument – historical, textual, structural, prudential doctrinal, and ethical – through the unusual method of contrasting sketches of prominent legal figures responding to the constitutional crises of their day. ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/1054/thumbnail.jpg

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.