Suchergebnisse

How large must parties be to achieve minimal representation in a national assembly? The degree of institutional constraints is reflected indirectly by the number of seat-winning parties (n) and more directly by the threshold of representation (T), defined as the vote level at which parties have a 50-50 chance to win their first seat. The existing theoretical threshold formulas use district-level reasoning and therefore overestimate the nationwide threshold. This study extends the theory to the nationwide level. In addition to district magnitude (M), the number of electoral districts and hence assembly size (S) emerge as important variables. When all seats are allocated in M-seat districts, T=75%/[(M+1)(S/M)0.5] and n=(MS)0.25, T and n are connected by T=75%/[n2+(S/n2)]. These theoretical expectation values are tested with 46 durable electoral systems. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Submitted on behalf of TIMA Editions, http://irevues.inist.fr/tima-editions. ; The basic building blocks for Resonant Tunnelling Diode (RTD) logic circuits are Threshold Gates (TGs) instead of the conventional Boolean gates (AND, OR, NAND, NOR) due to the fact that, when designing with RTDs, threshold gates can be implemented as efficiently as conventional ones, but realize more complex functions. Recently, RTD structures implementing Multi-Threshold Threshold Gates (MTTGs) have been proposed which further increase the functionality of the original TGs while maintaining their operating principle and allowing also the implementation of nanopipelining at the gate level. This paper describes the design of n-bit adders using these MTTGs. A comparison with a design based on TGs is carried out showing advantages in terms of latency, device counts and power consumption. ; This effort was partially supported by the Spanish Government under project TEC2004-02948/MIC. ; Peer reviewed

Indonesia adalah negara hukum dengan pemerintahan yang demokratis. Pemerintahan demokrasi adalah pemerintahan dari rakyat, oleh rakyat dan untuk rakyat, karena itulah rakyat memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif yaitu metode dengan menginventarisasi, mengkaji, dan meneliti data sekunder berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, asas-asas hukum, pengertian-pengertian hukum, kasus yang berkaitan dengan masalah dalam permasalahan dalam tulisan ini. dan sistem Presidential Threshold tidak perlu dipersyaratkan dan perlu dihapuskan dalam Pasal 222 Undang-Undang Nomor. 7 tahun 2017 tentang Pemilu, karena Pemilu tahun 2019 dilaksanakan serentak antara pemilihan legislatif dan eksekutif dan tidak ada dan relefan lagi syarat itu, namun yang dikhwatirkan ialah adanya calon tunggal dan ada banyaknya kandidat yang dicalonkan partai politik. Kata Kunci : Presidential Threshold, Parlementary Threshold, Sistem Pemilu Indonesia is a legal country with a democratic government. Democratic governance is the government of the people, by the people and for the people, which is why people have the highest authority. The approach method used in this study is normative juridical, namely the method of inventorying, reviewing, and examining secondary data in the form of legislation, legal principles, legal understandings, cases relating to problems in the problems in this paper. and the Presidential Threshold system does not need to be required and needs to be abolished in Article 222 of the Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections, because the 2019 elections are held simultaneously between legislative and executive elections and there are no and more conditions, but the concern is the existence of a single candidate and there are many candidates nominated by political parties. Keywords: Presidential Threshold, Parliamentary Threshold, Election System