This study builds upon the explorative study of Hoekstra (2006), who puts forward an argument for coordination at the global level in 'water governance'. Water governance is understood here in the broad sense as 'the way people use and maintain water resources'. One of the factors that give water governance a global dimension is 'virtual water trade' between nations, i.e. the trade in water in virtual form through trade in water-containing products. Virtual water trade involves advantages as well as disadvantages. The development of institutional arrangements to account for these disadvantages has not kept pace with the enhancement of international trade in general and virtual water trade in particular. The objective of this study is to design alternative institutional arrangements to deal with the global dimension of water governance. The study elaborates three arrangements: a Water Pricing Protocol, a Business Agreement on Sustainability Reporting of water-intensive goods, and a system of Water Footprint Permits. The three institutional arrangements are aimed to improve the ecological sustainability, economic efficiency and social equity of water governance. The arrangements aim to influence change agents in the virtual water chain (the production chain of water-containing products). Behavioural mechanisms bring about behavioural change of other agents in the virtual water chain.
Pure mainstream economics, based on methodological and sociological individualism usually ignores politics; development economics, on the contrary frequently integrates social and political factors in order to explain economic progress. Within this branch of economics, politics can mainly be dealt in two different approaches. The classical and neoclassical approach takes politics essentially as an obstacle to the expression of agents' rationality, and, therefore considers it a disturbance. A more heterodox approach of development, on the contrary, puts politics at the heart of the process, development being an economic as much as a political process. Those, like A. Sen, that take human rights, both as a means and an end to development do not separate the two processes as well. Be that as it may, and despite the opposed ways in which these approaches take politics, all consider governance, and its democratic or authoritarian character, a key factor in the development process. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of the issue of democratic governance within the development process. In the first part of the paper I will make a review of the main literature concerning the impacts of democracy on economic development and the importance of promoting democracy. In the second part of the paper the analysis will focus on the political economy of democratization, namely on the obstacles standing before democracy, and on the economic policies and reforms needed to facilitate democratization. The diagnosis states that democratization needs to deal with inequality of income distribution, with institutional design in order to overcome cultural divisions within the nations, with diversification of the sources of income and with a new economic order characterized by an erased debt burden and a more equitable distribution of the benefits of international trade.
In den letzten Jahren haben sich im Bereich der Entwicklungsökonomie zwei Debatten entwickelt, die im folgenden Beitrag verknüpft werden sollen. Zum einen wird im Rahmen der Geography vs. Institutions Debatte darüber diskutiert, in welchem Ausmaß geographische oder institutionelle Charakteristika fundamentale Entwicklungsursachen darstellen können, zum anderen hat die Diskussion um Good und Bad Governance die Bedeutung der Regierungsführung für den Entwicklungsprozess deutlich gemacht. Dieser Beitrag analysiert, inwieweit die Erkenntnisse der Geography vs Institutions Debatte zur Erklärung von Governance-Strukturen herangezogen werden können. Die Analyse erfolgt an Hand eines einfachen Entscheidungsmodells, mit dem der Einfluss verschiedener geographischer und institutioneller Faktoren auf das Verhalten von Politikern untersucht werden kann. Eine anschließende empirische Überprüfung der gewonnenen Hypothesen zeigt zwar, dass geographische Charakteristika offenbar tatsächlich zur Erklärung der Governance-Qualität beitragen können. Diese Ergebnisse müssen jedoch auf Grund von Unzulänglichkeiten bei der Messung der Governance-Qualität mit äußerster Vorsicht interpretiert werden.
We use a panel of 4979 cross-border and domestic takeovers to test the relation between host country corruption and premiums paid for local targets. Host country corruption is negatively associated with target premiums, after correcting for other governance related factors such as political stability, legal systems, and financial disclosure standards. We estimate that deterioration in the corruption index by one point (on a ten point scale) is, on average, associated with a reduction of 21% of local targets' premiums. Our results do not support the notion that local corruption constitutes a significant market barrier to foreign investors. It rather represents a discount on local takeover synergies, which affects foreign and domestic acquirers alike. However, we find that the major effects of corruption can alternatively be explained by government effectiveness, pointing towards an endogenous relationship between bribery and bureaucracy.
This paper reviews the progress with respect to Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in Mediterranean countries, as addressed within the activities of the Nostrum-Dss project, a Coordination Action funded by the 6th Framework Programme of the EC, with a particular emphasis on the current use of decision support tools (DSS). The IWRM paradigm is a comprehensive management framework, which integrates the different aspects of water resources – from the underlying ecological and physical aspects, to the socio-economic values and needs (horizontal integration); and calls for increasing decentralisation and privatisation of water services (vertical integration), and the devolution of planning authority, without however forgetting the need to ensure equitable access to water resources. Substantial progress has been made in the last decades in Nostrum-Dss Partner countries, although a disparity can still be seen between the Northern and Southern banks. New institutions have been established for implementing IWRM, existing institutions have been reformed, and decision making processes increasingly require public participation. Decentralisation of decision making, implementation and monitoring are also well underway, although improvements are still needed to ensure that the traditional power structures do not prevail. More efficient technologies and infrastructures are in place, especially for the production of high value goods or in agriculture. Finally, several DSS have been developed: yet, while operational/technical DSS instruments have been successfully employed, DSSs tools developed in a participatory way, or tackling more complex, political as well as environmental and economic problems are still de-linked from actual decision making processes. Laws and regulations for water management in most Mediterranean countries embrace and support the paradigms of IWRM – and EU framework directives have played an important role in fostering this shift from more traditional, vertical governance to new, horizontal governance based on soft laws. Yet, the implementation of such laws and regulations is often only partial – often because of the lack of a clear monitoring and enforcement strategy, but also because of governments' financial and human resources constraints. Strong overlaps of roles and competences among different government institutions remain, hampering effective implementation of water management. The tendency to centralisation of decision making persists, and actors' involvement is scanty. The shift towards the use of demand side policies as opposed to supply side policies is not yet completed: yet, supply side policies are very costly, as they are based on greater mobilisation of financial resources. Full cost recovery pricing is not practiced widely. This reluctance to introduce full cost recovery pricing in developing countries may be due to ethical and moral considerations, but in developed countries it is often associated with strong lobbying power of interest groups. This study was supported by funding under the Sixth Research Framework of the European Union within the project Network on Governance, Science and Technology for Sustainable Water Resource Management in the Mediterranean- The role of Dss tools" (NOSTRUM-Dss, contract number INCO-CT-2004-509158).
Este ensayo analiza cuatro libros importantes sobre los orígenes y consecuencias de las reformas estructurales durante las pasadas dos décadas en América Latina. El trabajo sugiere que necesitamos acelerar la integración de lo que siguen siendo cuatro diferentes subcampos de estudio: opinión pública, la política económica de la reforma estructural, los componentes del gobierno democrático y la naturaleza del diseño institucional. Cada uno es un elemento central de la literatura analizada y que está principalmente interesada en identificar los incentivos y las restricciones electorales e institucionales para la elaboración de políticas públicas que promueven el desarrollo. Este ensayo contribuye a esta agenda de investigación mediante el examen de las investigaciones en el campo de la ciencia política y de la economía que explican por qué sólo algunos diseños institucionales hacen que los gobiernos sean sensibles a las preferencias de los votantes y también construyan consensos en favor de las reformas estructurales.
Evaluation – both ex post and ex ante – is part of the Rio model of governance, which emerged from the UN Earth Summit of 1992. This chapter provides a general overview of the Rio governance model that stands behind the strategic concept of Sustainable Development. This model of environmental governance has been remarkably successful as a knowledge-based model of steering – not based on power and legal obligation. However, we urgently need further improvements. The chapter therefore makes a number of suggestions as to how to strengthen the Rio model of governance. It also looks at whether evaluation should use only a top-down perspective - the implementation of Agenda 21 or of national SD strategies – or should also adopt a bottom-up perspective focusing on forces that are independent from but supportive to the strategy of SD (e.g. high energy prices or changes in WTO rules).
В статье анализируются основные подходы к изучению «глобального руководства» как актуального понятия современной науки о международных отношениях. Автор полагает, что в условиях глобализации происходят изменения в деятельности таких акторов международных отношений, как национальные государства и межгосударственные организации. Для более адекватного понимания целей и задач существования данных субъектов политики в новых условиях возникает необходимость в формулировании четких критериев оценки их функционирования. Оценка эффективности деятельности глобальных акторов может быть произведена на основании анализа соответствия их деятельности критериям «демократического руководства». В данной статье на основании изучения различных аспектов «глобального управления» в современном мире автор дает характеристику демократического «глобального управления» как управления, отвечающего современным международным реалиям. ; In article the basic approaches to studying of «global governance» as actual concept of a modern international relations" science are analyzed. The author believes, that in conditions of globalization there are changes in activity of such actors of the international relations, as the national states and the interstate organizations. For more adequate understanding of the purposes and problems of existence of the given subjects of policy in new conditions there is a necessity for a formulation of precise criteria of their estimation. The estimation of efficiency of activity of global actors can be made on the basis of the analysis of conformity of their activity to criteria of «democratic governance». In given clause on the basis of studying various aspects of «global management « in the modern world the author gives the characteristic democratic «global governance» as the governance adequating to modern international realities.
South Africa's approach to AIDS has been shaped by persistent antipathy on the part of President Mbeki and his Health Minister towards antiretroviral therapy. This was framed initially by Mbeki's questioning of AIDS science and subsequently by direct resistance to implementing prevention and treatment programmes using antiretrovirals. Once that battle was lost in the courts and in the political arena, the Health Minister continued a war of attrition by portraying antiretrovirals as 'poison', supporting alternative untested therapies and undermining the scientific regulation of medicines. Two key scientific bodies, the Medicines Control Council (MCC) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) fall under the ambit of the national Department of Health. Although notionally independent, both have experienced political interference as a consequence of their scientific approach to AIDS. The MCC appears no longer able to respond to complaints if these are lodged against alternative therapists supported by the Health Minister, and its law enforcement personnel have been over-ruled by the Director General of Health.?
The following report captures the outcomes of this study and is divided into four (4) chapters as follows: 1.0 How well has the Federal Government Handled the Climate Change and Energy Policy Governance Challenges to Date? 2.0 Key Issues in Designing a Sustainable Governance Structure for Climate Change and Energy Policy 3.0 Options to Improve the Federal Governance of Climate Change and Energy Policy 4.0 Conclusion
How does the European Union respond to a rapidly changing security environment that is increasingly characterised by challenges cutting across the traditional divide between internal and external security? This paper traces the emergence of comprehensive security concepts at the EU level and their subsequent translation into organizational practices. It puts forward a research strategy to analyse whether, how and to what extent the new post-Cold War security concepts have had an impact on traditional ways of providing security in Europe. Complementing current research on European security policies, the paper focuses on their organizational underpinnings to study the governance of complex security issues in the EU. Building on institutionalist theories of organizational change, the paper contends that the dynamics of organizational innovation within the European security architecture lead to outcomes that differ from the comprehensive security concepts developed at the political level. A brief analysis of recent developments in the EU's counter-terrorism architecture illustrates the complex dynamics of innovation in the European system of security governance.
Due to both their size and the enormous pace of their growth, China and India constitute a class of their own among the group of anchor countries. In the coming decades the stance that Europe adopts toward these Asian drivers of global change will be no less important than the state of transatlantic relations. At present Germany and Europe are not prepared to meet these challenges. The global governance debate that following the collapse of the Soviet Union took very little note at first of the rise of China and India. By now, attention is being paid to China, but in 15 years time India too will be an equally important economic player – and possibly even one with greater scope for global action, because it has a number of important comparative advantages over China (democracy, a balanced age pyramid). Gradually the contours of a multipolar system that is very likely to be marked by instability and turbulence are emerging. If the Asian drivers are not successfully integrated into a system of effective multilateralism, the world will be faced with a renewal of conflictual balance-of-power politics that would distract the efforts needed to contain the risks posed by globalization.
Bu çalışmada gerek küresel gerek teknolojik anlamda yaşanan gelişmeler ve değişimler ve bunların getirdiği yenileşme sürecinde kamu yönetimlerinde reform ihtiyacı bağlamında yönetişim anlayışı incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın birinci bölümünde öncelikle yönetişim kavramının ifade ettiği anlam açıklanmış ve yönetişimin benzer ya da yakın anlam ifade ettiği diğer kavramlarla ortak ve ayrık yönleri ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca yönetişimin genel özellikleri üzerinde durulmuş ve içerik itibarıyla sahip olduğu ilkeler ayrıntılı bir şekilde irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, yönetişimin unsurlarından sivil toplum örgütleri ve devlet ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve bu unsurların Türkiye değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bundan sonra ülkemizde öncelikle kamu yönetiminde reforma duyulan ihtiyacın tespit edilen nedenleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise kamu yönetiminde reform gerekliliği kapsamında yönetişim adımı olarak değerlendirilebilecek bazı düzenlemeler tespit edilerek bunların gelişim sürecine değinilip yönetişim kapsamında ifade ettiği anlam yönetişimin ilkeleri çerçevesinde belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise özellikle yönetişim kapsamında ortaya konan Türkiye değerlendirmeleri çerçevesinde yönetişimin ülkemiz kamu yönetimi için gerekliliği savından hareketle ülkemiz kamu yönetiminde yönetişim uygulamalarına engel etkenler tespit edilerek bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. ; In this study the idea of governance is investigated in the concept of reform necessity in the public administration, the developments and changes in both the global and techonological area. In this frame, first the meaning of governance is explained and the common and different aspects of governance with the words having similar or close meanings are explained. The general features and principles of governance are examined in detail. In the second part of the study, non-governmental organizations and the state, as the compenents of governance, are investigated in detail and the application of these compenents in Turkey are evaluated. Then the causes of the need in the public administration are defined. In the third part of the study, some arrengements which can be evaluated as the steps of governance are examined, the process of development of these arrengements and their meanings are determined in the frame of the principles of governance. In the final chapter of the study in the frame of the evaluations of governance implementations in our country, the obstacles against governance applications in public administration are determined and some proposals are made considering governance is a necessity for public administration in our country
This paper addresses the motivations that drive participation in groups concerning water protection and provides a review of the key role collective action plays in accessing and managing water resources. It also analyses the conditions and factors which make such organizations effective in solving shared problems and in faciliting and institutionalizing negotiation platforms. Collective action heavily relies on the social capital existing in a community to accomplish goals and objectives. These social networks allow for flow of information, serving not only to criticize but also to purpose a different course in environmental and particularly, water management. The vital role of collective action and other "major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27[2] of Agenda 21, leading to revised arrangements for consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations which are, indeed, collective voluntary action. The coalition building capacity suggesting the mobilization of civil society in the sense of organized interests can supplement the ultimate responsibility of the traditional democratic institutions according to the implementation of the Aarthus Principles. Modern governance calls for consensus, seeking processes with organized interests, a good culture of consultation and participation. Collective action meets these goals, as offers the chances for environmental effectiveness, contributing to information generation and creation of relevant knowledge. These factors may relieve the legislator, affecting the way in which powers are exercised at European level, particularly as regards the five principles of good governance, namely openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. Most problems with water resource management are felt at the lowest levels and changes in water management are required down to the individual action, reasons why the development strategies call for extensive pro-active participation (at different levels, sectors and scales) upholding the principles of subsidiarity. Finally, this paper also highlights the role performed by collective action in increasing advocacy skills and capacity, contributing to strengthening governance at the local level through favoring the enabling environment for water protection and conservation.
Fälle wie der des insolventen amerikanischen Energiekonzerns Enron erwecken den Eindruck, dass Special Purpose Entities in erster Linie dazu gegründet werden, den Einblick Unternehmensexterner in die wirtschaftliche Lage eines Unternehmens zu begrenzen. Die kritische Einstellung zu solchen Instrumenten der Unternehmenspolitik wird noch dadurch verstärkt, dass Unternehmenszusammenbrüche wie im Falle Enron regelmäßig mit einem erheblichen Verlust an Arbeitsplätzen verbunden sind.Andererseits erfüllen Zweckgesellschaften insbesondere in Branchen wie der Auto-mobil(zulieferer)industrie, wo Wertschöpfungsketten einem steten Wandel durch neue Technologien und hohe Marktdynamik unterliegen, eine wichtige Finanzierungsfunktion.Die vorliegende Broschüre erläutert die rechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Merkmale, die finanzwirtschaftliche Bedeutung und die Erscheinungsformen von Zweckgesellschaften für deutsche Unternehmen. Sie möchte damit vor allem Aufsichts- und Betriebsräte unterstützen, die sich mit Special Purpose Entities in der Praxis der Unternehmensfinanzierung und bei der Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Lage von Konzernen auseinandersetzen müssen. Darüber hinaus richtet sie sich an Bilanzanalysten, die sich mit den deutschen und internationalen Standards zur Rechnungslegung von Zweckgesellschaften vertraut machen wollen.
