Suchergebnisse

Šport je z modernizacijo družbe in intenzivnejšo globalizacijo postal visoko organiziran in strukturiran globalni fenomen. Na njegov razvoj so vplivali različni dejavniki, vodenje na globalni ravni pa so prevzele mednarodne športne organizacije, v prvi vrsti Mednarodni olimpijski komite (MOK), okrog katerega se je izoblikoval t. i. reguliran olimpijski sistem. Disciplina Mednarodnih odnosov v primerjavi z ostalimi družbenimi vedami zaostaja pri proučevanju globalnega športa, ki tako ostaja eden manj vidnih in proučevanih vidikov globalnega vladanja. Eden od razlogov za to je tudi odsotnost resne in sistematične teoretske analize. Za zapolnitev te vrzeli je cilj magistrskega dela odgovoriti na vprašanje, kako lahko z uporabo teorij mednarodnih odnosov in analizo olimpijskega sistema z značilnostmi globalnega vladanja razumemo nastanek, obstoj in delovanje globalnega vladanja na področju športa kot enega izmed področij globalnega vladanja. Opredelitev reguliranega olimpijskega sistema kot globalnega vladanja na področju športa omogoča uporabo prevladujočih teorij mednarodnih odnosov (realizma, liberalizma, konstruktivizma, marksističnih teorij) na tem področju. Te v okviru svojih zmožnosti razlagajo in pojasnjujejo delovanje globalnega vladanja na področju športa, skupno pa izpostavijo pomembne elemente in pojave globalnega športnega vladanja. Analiza ponudi razmislek o nadaljnjem teoretičnem raziskovanju tega področja. ; The modernisation of society and intensive globalisation led sport to become a highly organised and structured phenomenon. Its development was influenced by various factors, while management at a global level has been taken over by international sport organisations, primarily by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), around which a regulated Olympic System has developed. In the examination of global sport, as one of the less visible and explored aspects of global governance, the discipline of International Relations falls behind other social sciences. One of the reasons for this is also the absence of a systematic theoretical analysis of this area. In order to fill this gap, this master thesis aims to answer the question: how can the use of the theories of international relations and an analysis of the Olympic System with features of global governance help us understand the emergence, the existence and the functioning of global governance in the field of sport as one of the fields of global governance? The identification of the regulated Olympic System as global governance in the field of sport enables the application of dominant theories of international relations (realism, liberalism, constructivism and Marxist theories) onto this field. The theories, within the limits of their capacities, interpret and explain the functioning of global governance in the field of sport, and, as a set of theories, they highlight the important elements and phenomena of global sport governance. The analysis offers a reflection on the further theoretical exploration of this field.

We may dare to ask about rationale behind the recent devotion caused by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Whether it could be produced by the fear or, by contrast, it stems from the inner ignorance and uncertainty that blind us by attempting to give a quick explanation to a massive technological disruption directly caused by COVID19. AI is not a new phenomenon as such, despite the fact that what it could be new is the way AI is already interfering in citizens' daily life functions and services shaping them with a deep intensity as a result of the processing capacity of AI. Nonetheless, (i) little is known so far about the relationship between AI and governance, or what is worst, (ii) AI is being deployed without considering democratic accountability and far from our public eye and scrutiny. Acknowledging the complexity of such topic, this article constructively aims to analyse the ongoing technopolitical transformations occurring in the aftermath of the coronavirus crisis for the governance model of the Basque Country. This article is targeted to the political left (either Basque or Spanish nationalist) in pursuit of avoid delaying the work that should be implemented in response to questions, challenges, and policies for XXI. century algorithmic governance. The article concludes through three-intertwined-layer approach: (i) the first approach lists AI functional uses; (ii) the second approach presents brefly several AI projects being currently developed in different European countries; (iii) ultimately, a strategic roadmap lead to stakeholders in the Basque Country is outlined.

Resenha da obra LEONG, Susan; LEE, Terence. Global internet governance: influences from Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.

There are two distant conceptual cousins that analyse the external mobilisation of subnational entities, one being European Studies – Multi-Level Governance and the other International Relations – Paradiplomacy. The article first aims to analyse each concept against the dimensions of the politik to determine the conceptual focus and find more pronounced differences in the policy and politics dimensions. The second aim is to identify the theoretical bedrock underpinning both concepts. This article proposes the analogous theory of Neo-Medievalism, establishing that it has some application here; in this sense, the two concepts may be better at explaining wider territorial reconfiguration underway in Europe. Keywords: Paradiplomacy, Multi-Level Governance, Neo-Medievalism, European Union

O serviço prestado pela auditoria independente é fundamental para uma maior transparência e confiabilidade dos relatórios financeiros das empresas de capital aberto. As possíveis ameaças à independência e qualidade das suas análises, os custos dos serviços e a relação com os mecanismos de governança corporativa são temas explorados internacionalmente. Esta pesquisa investiga o tema no ambiente brasileiro, possível a partir da Instrução CVM 480, que tornou obrigatória a divulgação dos valores dos serviços de auditoria e serviços extras contratados junto às empresas de auditoria independente. Com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre governança corporativa, custos de auditoria e de serviços extra-auditoria, foram analisadas as informações disponibilizadas por 131 empresas no primeiro semestre de 2010. As proxies de governança utilizadas foram: desvio de direitos dos cinco maiores acionistas, participação em segmentos diferenciados de governança da Bolsa de Mercadoria e Futuros & Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BM&FBovespa), existência de comitê de auditoria e de departamento de auditoria interna. Os resultados apontam para uma relação negativa entre governança e custos de auditoria, sugerindo que, no mercado brasileiro, predomina o efeito risco. Ou seja, melhores práticas de governança reduzem os riscos (judiciais e de perda da reputação) da auditoria externa permitindo a cobrança de valores menores. A literatura internacional não é unânime quanto ao sinal, embora a maioria dos estudos apresente uma relação positiva, a favor do efeito demanda. De acordo com este efeito, melhor governança implica em maiores exigências junto ao serviço da auditoria acarretando elevação dos valores cobrados. A relação encontrada também é negativa entre os valores dos serviços extras e as boas práticas de governança. Apesar de as pesquisas não comprovarem a influência destes custos sobre a perda da independência da auditoria externa, a limitação desta prática é uma tendência entre legisladores e reguladores. ; The service provided by an independent audit is essential to the greater transparency and reliability of the financial reporting of public companies. The topics explored in the international literature include possible threats to the auditors' independence and the quality of their analysis, the cost of their services and their relationship with corporate governance mechanisms. The present study investigates this topic in the Brazilian context. This has become possible following CVM Instruction No. 480, which obligates the disclosure of the costs of audit and non-audit services contracted to independent audit firms. The information provided by 131 companies in the first half of 2010 was analyzed to determine the relationship between corporate governance and audit and non-audit service costs. The proxies for governance that were used are given as follows: the five largest shareholders rights mismatch, the participation in premium listing segments of the Brazilian Securities, Commodities, and Futures Exchange (Bolsa de Mercadoria e Futuros e Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - BM&FBovespa), the existence of an audit committee and an internal audit department. The results point to a negative relationship between governance and audit costs, which suggests that the risk effect is predominant in the Brazilian market; that is, better governance practices reduce external audit's risks (legal and loss of reputation), thereby allowing them to charge less. Most studies in the international literature show a positive relationship in favor of the demand effect, but this is not consensual. According to this effect, better governance implies greater demands on the audit service, resulting in an increase in the fees charged. The relationship between non-audit service costs and good governance practices is also negative. Although studies have not shown that these costs can contribute to the loss of independence of the external audit, legislators and regulators tend to limit this practice

Water governance is a major challenge in the Mediterranean context. Any action to drive water governance towards sustainability needs to be grounded in a holistic understanding of such challenges. Therefore, a first step towards the improvement of water governance is a grounded understanding of what is at stake, who are the actors involved, and how they interact. To achieve this level of understanding, we propose the use of the social–ecological Systems (SES) framework. This framework was developed to grasp the complexity of issues related to the sustainable use of public goods such as water. This study looks at water governance in the farming sector of three municipalities in the Alentejo and Algarve, in the south of Portugal. Data were collected using a literature review and 22 semi-structured interviews with territorial actors (i.e., public administration, non-governmental associations, private sector, decision-makers, and farmers). By using the SES framework, we provide an integrated characterization of water governance in the case study and identify the implicated factors. Between these factors, and focusing on the overlap between literature and actors' perspectives, are (1) the lack of integrated and supported strategies for development, and (2) lack of communication between the actors that need to congregate efforts towards sustainable use of water resources. The study found few examples of collective efforts and long-lasting networks of collaboration, especially between science and practice. We conclude by arguing that place-based tailored policies are needed. Such policies should promote communication and collective actions between researchers, local organizations, public administration, and farmers.

The term sharing economy is used in specialized literature to identify how the Internet, smartphones, and applications are changing the global economic dynamic. This article presents documentary research focused on private sharing applications that have emerged in recent decades, intending to contribute to the improvement of local public management. Descriptive data analysis and regression were used to characterize the local governments' adherence to new technologies and to identify how these new technologies affect the fiscal performance of municipalities measured by the FIRJAN Fiscal Management Index. The results obtained show that shared economy Apps can contribute in different ways, with emphasis on greater cooperation and coordination within and between local governments, reduction in the underutilization of assets, greater access and improvement in the quality of public services, and greater interaction and citizen participation in public decisions. The estimated regression shows that the use of new communication technologies contributes to improving the municipalities' fiscal performance. However, these technologies are little used and should be encouraged in local public administrations. ; El término economía compartida se utiliza en la literatura especializada para identificar cómo la Internet, los smartphones y las aplicaciones están cambiando la dinámica económica mundial. Este artículo presenta una investigación documental realizada para identificar las aplicaciones de compartición que surgieron en las últimas décadas y cómo están contribuyendo a la mejora de la gestión pública local. Se utilizó el análisis descriptivo de datos y la regresión para caracterizar la adhesión a las nuevas tecnologías por parte de los gobiernos locales y para identificar cómo afectan el desempeño fiscal de los municipios, medido a partir del Índice FIRJAN de Gestión Fiscal (IFGF). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las aplicaciones de economía compartida pueden contribuir de diferentes formas, con énfasis en: mayor cooperación y coordinación dentro y entre los gobiernos locales, reducción de la subutilización de activos, mayor acceso y mejora en la calidad de los servicios públicos y mayor interacción y participación ciudadana en las decisiones públicas. La regresión estimada muestra que el uso de nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación contribuye a mejorar el desempeño fiscal de los municipios. Sin embargo, estas tecnologías rara vez se utilizan y se necesitan iniciativas para fomentar el uso de aplicaciones de compartición en las gestiones públicas locales. ; O termo economia compartilhada é empregado na literatura especializada para identificar a forma como a internet, os smartphones e os aplicativos estão modificando a dinâmica econômica mundial. Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa documental realizada para identificar os aplicativos de compartilhamento que surgiram nas últimas décadas e o modo como estão contribuindo para a melhoria da gestão pública local. Utilizou-se a análise descritiva dos dados e uma regressão para caracterizar a adesão às novas tecnologias pelos governos locais e para identificar o modo como afetam o desempenho fiscal dos municípios, mensurado a partir do Índice FIRJAN de Gestão Fiscal (IFGF). Os resultados obtidos mostram que os aplicativos de economia compartilhada podem contribuir de diferentes formas, com destaque para: a maior cooperação e coordenação intra e entre governos locais, redução na subutilização de ativos, maior acesso e melhoria na qualidade dos serviços públicos, e maior interação e participação dos cidadãos nas decisões públicas. A regressão estimada mostra que o emprego das novas tecnologias de comunicação contribui para a melhoria no desempenho fiscal dos municípios. Contudo, essas tecnologias são pouco utilizadas, sendo necessárias iniciativas que estimulem a utilização de aplicativos de compartilhamento nas gestões públicas locais.

In recent decades there has been an exponential increase in large hydroelectric plants in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region. These large hydraulic structures impact the environment and the lives of people living in the places where they settle and require a special type of water governance. The dictatorial regime (1964-1985) created a "standard" for the construction of these great structures, through an institutional and legal framework, which benefited the Brazilian business elite but also, through the creation of a popular imagination, which shows itself lasting progress on the country's progress and development. The suspension of security, the fragility of institutional environmental structures, the disrespect for indigenous reserves, the lack of clarity about the concept of "affected population" and the non-payment of fair compensation were identified as one of the main challenges for a democratic water governance in the country. In the late 1970s, the Dam-Affected Movement (MAB) began its organizat

Abstract: The article intends to analyze the current Romanian political scenario, highlighting the institutional trust factor, which has been in sharp decline in the national and international scene. Besides, this work brings to the debate characteristics that are intrinsic to the country's Constitutional Law. The ongoing national situation is compared to other european republics, in addition to figuring out the social, economical and political problems that afflict the democracy of the Romanian State, which act to the weakening of the electoral system. Furthermore it is discussed the capacity of the Magna Charta to do battle with such situations. ; Resumen: El artículo pretende analizar la situación política actual de Rumanía, haciendo hincapié en el factor de confianza institucional, que viene sufriendo un fuerte retroceso en el escenario nacional e internacional. Además, aporta, para el debate, características intrínsecas al Derecho Constitucional de ese país. Comparamos la situación actual de la nación en relación con otras repúblicas europeas, además de analizar los problemas sociales, económicos y políticos que afligen a la democracia del Estado rumano, que actúan para debilitar el sistema electoral. Aún así, se discute la capacidad de la Carta Magna para enfrentar tales disputas. ; Résumé: L'article se propose d'analyser la situation politique roumaine actuelle, en insistant sur le facteur de confiance institutionnelle, qui a subi une forte baisse du scénario national et international. De plus, il apporte, pour le débat, des caractéristiques intrinsèques à la loi constitutionnelle de ce pays. La situation actuelle de la nation est comparée à celle des autres républiques européennes, en plus d'analyser les problèmes sociaux, économiques et politiques qui affligent la démocratie de l'État roumain, qui agissent pour affaiblir le système électoral. Pourtant, la capacité de la Magna Carta à faire face à de tels affrontements est discutée. ; Abstract: L'articolo si propone di analizzare l'attuale situazione politica rumena, sottolineando il fattore di fiducia istituzionale, che ha subito un forte calo nello scenario nazionale e internazionale. Inoltre, porta, per il dibattito, caratteristiche intrinseche alla legge costituzionale di quel paese. La situazione attuale della nazione viene confrontata con quella di altre repubbliche europee, oltre ad analizzare i problemi sociali, economici e politici che affliggono la democrazia dello Stato rumeno, che agiscono per indebolire il sistema elettorale. Tuttavia, viene discussa la capacità della Magna Carta di far fronte a tali scontri. ; Resumo: O artigo pretende analisar a corrente situação política romena, dando ênfase ao fator de confiança institucional, que vem sofrendo forte decaída no cenário nacional e internacional. Além disso, traz, para o debate, características intrínsecas ao Direito Constitucional de tal país. Compara-se a situação atual da nação em relação a outras repúblicas europeias, além de analisar os problemas sociais, econômicos e políticos que afligem a democracia do Estado Romeno, atuantes para o enfraquecimento do sistema eleitoral. Ainda, discute-se a capacidade de enfrentamento da Carta Magna em relação a tais embates.

KEYWORDS: center of government; governance arrangement; policy coordination; democracy; Brazil.ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper aims to analyze how the Center of Government (CoG) operates as units responsible for conducting the presidential agenda in contemporary Brazil. Materials and Methods: The study applied the theoretical approach of CoG as a governance arrangement and used qualitative and quantitative data to reach its objective. Besides the bibliographic review on the literature and official documents, the study synthesizes and deepens empirical data and information from a joint research project covering the period of political stability in Brazil, from 1995 to 2014, when elected presidents ended their terms. Results: The empirical findings confirm that CoG is a flexible and dynamic phenomenon. It puts a critical perspective on the normative "good governance" approach that overvalues its technical dimension and neglects its political aspect. Discussion: The inquiry results shed light on the importance of the relation between politics and policy, by demonstrating that CoG's configuration and functions vary due to multiple causes, each president's priority policy agenda is implemented with different strategies and; the prioritized policies follow a unique coordination logic inside the Brazilian federal government.

As áreas protegidas são criadas e geridas com o objetivo de garantir a conservação da natureza. No cenário do Estado de Pernambuco, o ecossistema Mata Atlântica recebe reconhecimento internacional como área prioritária para as ações de conservação, pela sua grande riqueza natural e elevada biodiversidade. Estas áreas naturais tem o enorme desafio de compatibilizar interesses divergentes face a fortes ameaças e condições de vulnerabilidade social, política e econômica. Este trabalho objetivou analisar de que forma a gestão de áreas protegidas tem contribuído para a conservação ambiental no Estado de Pernambuco, considerando a governança nos espaços de decisão. Uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva foi realizada, adotando-se os procedimentos metodológicos (leitura de documentos e bibliografias). Para coletar os dados foi utilizada a pesquisa de campo com observação sistemática, entrevista não estruturada focalizada e reuniões projetivas, além da participação em reuniões de conselhos gestores. Para análise e discussão dos resultados, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa com enfoque interdisciplinar através da triangulação de métodos e Análise Multicritério à Decisão – AMD. Como resultado, observa-se que ainda é muito frágil a capacidade de governabilidade e governança pública na conservação dos recursos naturais no estado de Pernambuco. O fortalecimento da governança é indispensável ao processo de elaboração e implementação das políticas construídas em simbiose com os diversos atores envolvidos com a temática, em meio a intensas e variadas ameaças e vulnerabilidades inerentes a esse processo antagônico e dialético de construção da sustentabilidade. A B S T R A C T Protected areas are created and managed with the aim of ensuring the conservation of nature. In the state of Pernambuco, the Atlantic Forest ecosystem receives international recognition as a priority area for conservation actions, due to its great natural wealth and high biodiversity. These natural areas have the enormous challenge of reconciling divergent interests in the face of strong threats and conditions of social, political and economic vulnerability. In view of the above, this work aimed to analyze how the management of protected areas has contributed to environmental conservation in the State of Pernambuco, considering governance in decision spaces. An exploratory and descriptive research was carried out, adopting the methodological procedures (reading of documents and bibliographies). In order to collect the data, we used field research with systematic observation, focused unstructured interview and projective meetings, as well as participation in meetings of management councils. For the analysis and discussion of the results, a qualitative approach with an interdisciplinary focus was used through the triangulation of methods and Decision Multicriteria Analysis - AMD. As a result, it is observed that the capacity for governance and public governance in the conservation of natural resources in the state of Pernambuco is still very fragile. The strengthening of governance is indispensable to the process of elaboration and implementation of policies built in symbiosis with the various actors involved in the theme, amidst the intense and varied threats and vulnerabilities inherent to this antagonistic and dialectical process of sustainability construction. Keywords: Protected areas, environmental conservation, public governance.

OBJETIVO Analisar o sistema de governança regional em saúde quanto a estratégias e disputas de gestão. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS Pesquisa qualitativa com gestores de saúde de 19 municípios que integram a região de saúde no estado da Bahia. Foram realizadas 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores/gerentes (estadual, regional e municipal), grupo focal, observações na Comissão Intergestores Regional e documentos institucionais, em 2012. Foram analisados os componentes político-institucional e organizacional e interpretados pela hermenêutica-dialética. RESULTADOS A comissão intergestores regional foi a principal estratégia da governança regional, sendo ferramenta fundamental para fortalecimento da governança por reunir diferentes sujeitos responsáveis pela tomada de decisão nos territórios sanitários e pela negociação da alocação de recursos e distribuição dos estabelecimentos de uso comum na região. A rotatividade de secretários de saúde, baixa autonomia nas decisões executivas, a qualificação técnica insuficiente para exercício da função e o atravessamento das políticas partidárias na tomada de decisão são fatores que obstruem a comissão intergestores regional às demandas sociais. Recursos financeiros insuficientes não viabilizam o cumprimento da programação pactuada integrada nem o aumento da oferta pública na rede e impunham ao gestor a compra de serviços no mercado privado por valores acima da Tabela do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram relatados atravessadores contratados para agilizar o acesso aos serviços especializados (diagnóstico, terapêutico e/ou cirúrgico) em outros municípios mediante pagamento direto a médicos por procedimentos já custeados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. CONCLUSÕES A rede regionalizada de saúde apresenta padrão de governança conflitante e com institucionalidade intermediária. A comissão intergestores regional necessita incorporar, à rotina de gestão, dispositivos mais democráticos que logrem articulação com instituições de ensino, permeáveis às demandas sociais, para definição das políticas regionais. ; OBJECTIVE To analyze the regional governance of the health systemin relation to management strategies and disputes. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES A qualitative study with health managers from 19 municipalities in the health region of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Data were drawn from 17 semi-structured interviews of state, regional, and municipal health policymakers and managers; a focus group; observations of the regional interagency committee; and documents in 2012. The political-institutional and the organizational components were analyzed in the light of dialectical hermeneutics. RESULTS The regional interagency committee is the chief regional governance strategy/component and functions as a strategic tool for strengthening governance. It brings together a diversity of members responsible for decision making in the healthcare territories, who need to negotiate the allocation of funding and the distribution of facilities for common use in the region. The high turnover of health secretaries, their lack of autonomy from the local executive decisions, inadequate technical training to exercise their function, and the influence of party politics on decision making stand as obstacles to the regional interagency committee's permeability to social demands. Funding is insufficient to enable the fulfillment of the officially integrated agreed-upon program or to boost public supply by the system, requiring that public managers procure services from the private market at values higher than the national health service price schedule (Brazilian Unified Health System Table). The study determined that "facilitators" under contract to health departments accelerated access to specialized (diagnostic, therapeutic and/or surgical) services in other municipalities by direct payment to physicians for procedure costs already covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics identified a regionalized system with a conflictive pattern of governance and intermediate institutionalism. The regional interagency committee's managerial routine needs to incorporate more democratic devices for connecting with educational institutions, devices that are more permeable to social demands relating to regional policy making.