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Barber calls for an account of political change rooted in the realities of global interdependence. He is critical of what he takes to be Held's reliance on normative solutions that are ethically unimpeachable but practically unrealizable. Adapted from the source document.

The post 9/11 meaning of the term globalization is argued to need to be cast far more broadly to consider the relevance of the reconfiguration of conflict on the global level, & to suggest how the quest for a new framework of regulatory authority has changed from the 1990s. The author asserts the central contention that, although globalization retains its relevance as a descriptive level, it is the economist at interpretation since the events of 2001 that needs to be altered. A brief review of the evolution of world politics after the Cold War sets the stage for the extended view of globalization as an incorporation of the new geopolitics of post-statist political conflict. The contested & fluid contours & ideological orientation of globalization & governance are placed in five overlapping approaches to governance globalizations of corporate, civic, imperial, apocalyptic, & regional are identified as the structural alternatives for the future of world order. Although maintaining the descriptive terminology of globalization remains useful, the author concludes that its provenance should be enlarged to take account of globalizing tendencies other than those associated with the world economy & the old anti-globalization movement in the environment of the eclipsing of the whole project of global governance in recent years. References. J. Harwell

The European Union's environmental policy is used to investigate various aspects of multi-level governance. An overview of contemporary definitions of multi-level governance is provided; four characteristics of multi-level governance are highlighted, eg, the mobilization of subnational authorities & the influence of supranational actors upon policy-making. The authority possessed by nation-states within a multi-level governance scheme & within A. Moravcsik's (1994) liberal intergovernmental theory of European integration is subsequently compared; it is noted that Moravcsik contended that European integration has augmented, not decreased, the authority enjoyed by individual member-states of the European Union. Two biodiversity & two land use directives announced by the European Union are subsequently analyzed to ascertain the consistency of multi-level governance across different policy sectors; the involvement of particular UK government & environmental interest groups in the passage of this legislation is closely studied to determine multi-level governance's & liberal intergovernmentalism's explanatory power for European integration. Suggestions for further exploring multi-level governance's explanatory power within the European Union context are offered. J. W. Parker

The utility of the notion of multi-level governance for examining governance within the contemporary British political context is considered. An overview of the difficulties encountered in applying the Westminster Model to studies of contemporary British politics is provided; the concept of multi-level governance is explored to highlight its potential advantages for investigating British politics, eg, its multi-level account of intergovernmental relations in the UK. Differences in the general principles & predominant internal & external dimensions between the Westminster Model & R. Rhodes' (1997) notion of differentiated polity are considered. As a result of this comparison, Rhodes' notion of the differentiated polity is used to replace the Westminster Model since it is capable of comprehending the changing nature of British politics, especially the modifications in intergovernmental relations & the disaggregation of centralized state power. Even though support for the UK's participation in a regional government has increased, it is stressed that the UK central government's authority has not completely subsided; the benefits of using a multi-level governance approach to exploring this reality are articulated. 1 Table, 1 Figure. J. W. Parker

The utility of the notion of multi-level governance for International Relations studies is explored. An overview of the concepts of "good governance" & multi-level governance is presented. In addition, a comparison of conventional understandings of government & governance is performed, demonstrating an ambiguous relationship between the two notions; specifically, it is stated that in certain circumstances, governance opposes the distribution of authority enacted by state governments. Therefore, the distribution of authority within five international contexts -- international civic norms, international civil society, supranational organizations, the international system, & transnational threats -- is studied to determine the extent of insight provided by the adoption of a multi-level governance perspective to examining international relations. Several conclusions are reached, eg, particular supranational organizations exhibit hierarchical systems characteristic of central states, & recommendations for future research are offered. J. W. Parker

The status of contemporary studies of multi-level governance, especially within the European Union, is explored. Overviews of the circumstances that made multi-level governance an integral component of the European Union's political systems during the late 1980s & of Gary Marks' (1992; 1993) seminal explorations of the notion of multi-level governance are provided. Seven issues concerning multi-level governance that European Union studies should address are highlighted including the need to establish a consensual definition of multi-level governance, the issue of whether multi-level governance encourages hierarchy within states, & the influence of multi-level governance upon states' democratic accountability. Several articles that investigate these issues are introduced. J. W. Parker

Contemporary literature that has examined the notion of multi-level governance, particularly its function within the European Union, is reviewed. Although multi-level governance provides an organizational framework characterized by the allocation of authority across multiple jurisdictions & by the capacity to respond to changes in public preferences, it is noted that such perspectives are problematized by their tendency to focus on specific issues. Several issues that contemporary literature has investigated are identified including the need to define multi-level governance, the consistency of multi-level governance across distinct policy sectors, the compatibility of democracy & multi-level governance, & the advantages & shortcomings of using multi-level governance as an analytic framework. Recommendations for enhancing multi-level governance both as a normative concept & as an analytic mechanism are also provided. J. W. Parker

Discusses regional cooperation & policy integration in issues of environmental governance between Atlantic Canada provinces & New England states. The globalization of environmental issues & federal & provincial environmental governance strategies are outlined. The implications of self-governance mechanisms for the regionalization of environmental policy are explored, with attention to NGOs, community-based organizations, & voluntary corporate programs. The relationship between government regulation & the private sector, particularly the concept of "market governance," is scrutinized for environmental policy repercussions. 29 References. L. Collins Leigh

The relationship between multi-level governance & economic policy-making, especially within the European Monetary Union & within Central & Eastern European nations, is examined. Wallace Oates' (1972) concept of fiscal federalism is reviewed, & contemporary developments with the notion are identified, eg, the relationship between political decentralization & both market vitality & economic performance. After noting areas of methodological compatibility between multi-level governance & fiscal federalism, the capacity of both approaches to account for economic reform & decentralization in the former communist European nations & to explain the European Monetary Union's framework for policy coordination are evaluated. Despite the existence of international financial & economic organizations, it is asserted that individual nations are reluctant to relinquish economic authority to supranational organizations & that only the World Trade Organization truly functions as an institution of global economic governance. J. W. Parker

The differences between contrasting conceptions of multi-level governance are illuminated. It is contended that Type I multi-level governance, which is based upon federalist thought, is characterized by the distribution of decision-making authority across jurisdictions, the formation of non-intersecting jurisdictions, the organization of jurisdictions at only a few levels, & the adoption of a conventional three-branch government. Conversely, it is demonstrated that Type II multi-level governance, which is largely founded upon neoclassical political economy & public choice theory, is significantly different from its federalist counterpart; for instance, it is stressed that the Type II model possesses a highly flexible systemic design capable of quickly responding to citizens' preferences. Examples of Type I & Type II multi-level governance within the European region & the broader international community are then identified. In addition, potential shortcomings with both models of multi-level governance are noted; whereas the Type I paradigm associates citizens' identities with specific communities, the Type II model tends to avoid the articulation of conflicts. 2 Tables. J. W. Parker

Discusses regional cooperation & policy integration in issues of environmental governance between Atlantic Canada provinces & New England states. The globalization of environmental issues & federal & provincial environmental governance strategies are outlined. The implications of self-governance mechanisms for the regionalization of environmental policy are explored, with attention to NGOs, community-based organizations, & voluntary corporate programs. The relationship between government regulation & the private sector, particularly the concept of "market governance," is scrutinized for environmental policy repercussions. 29 References. L. Collins Leigh

Discusses various perspectives on the state & governance in GB & the US. The "Third Way" & social science approaches to government are explored, with analysis of the distinction between government & governance. The complex relationship between the state & market economy dictates hybrid forms of governance, & distinguishing elements of markets from corporate hierarchies & the role of the state are presented. L. Collins Leigh

Cosmopolitanism & nationalism cannot be treated as mutually exclusive. In a sharp & constructive critique of Held's position, Slaughter & Hale argue for a new conception of moral responsibilities & institutional politics that transcends this old dichotomy. Adapted from the source document.