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In this chapter we outline the Danish and Scandinavian experiences with coalition governments and coalition governance. We do so by first briefly describing the historical path that has led to the political system we see working today in these countries. Then we tell about the political culture and institutional factors that lead to coalition governments. In the third section, we look at the nature of political agreements. We discuss the preconditions for coalition governments or coalition governance and its pros and cons. We focus on the trade-offs between including different interests into legislative coalitions and the possible lack of clarity of responsibility or of party identity that this inclusion entails. ; In this chapter we outline the Danish and Scandinavian experiences with coalition governments and coalition governance. We do so by first briefly describing the historical path that has led to the political system we see working today in these countries. Then we tell about the political culture and institutional factors that lead to coalition governments. In the third section, we look at the nature of political agreements. We discuss the preconditions for coalition governments or coalition governance and its pros and cons. We focus on the trade-offs between including different interests into legislative coalitions and the possible lack of clarity of responsibility or of party identity that this inclusion entails.

U naslovu rada je upitnik: to upućuje na pravnu problematiku koja još nije definitivno razriješena. Temeljno pravno pitanje na koje ovaj članak odgovara moglo bi se ovako formulirati: imaju li vjernici laici crkvenu vlast upravljanja ili u njoj mogu samo surađivati? Povod raspravi dale su dvije kanonske odredbe sadašnjeg Zakonika kanonskog prava: prva se odnosi na mogućnost suradnje vjernika laika u vlasti upravljanja (kan. 129, § 2), a druga na mogućnost da vjernici laici budu imenovani crkvenim sudcima (kan. 1421, § 2), što je služba povezana s obavljanjem odgovarajuće vlasti. Je li posrijedi nedosljednost u samom Zakoniku ili je moguće doći do sinteze? U pokušaju odgovora na to pitanje autori induktivnom metodom najprije govore općenito o vlasti upravljanja u Crkvi, a zatim o vjernicima laicima te općenito o njihovim pravima i obvezama u Crkvi. Zatim pristupaju analizi kan. 129, § 2 i kan. 1421, § 2, s posebnim osvrtom na izvore koji su utjecali na formulaciju tih kanona. Konačno, predstavljaju dvije škole, rimsku i münchensku, te dvije teorije, sakramentalnu i nesakramentalnu o izvorima i prenošenju svete vlasti (sacra potestas) u Crkvi. Moguće rješenje postavljenog pitanja i svojevrsnu sintezu u zaključku pronalaze u dvostrukoj izvornosti i dvostrukom prenošenju jedne i jedine Kristove vlasti u Crkvi: po sakramentu sv. reda i po kanonskom poslanju (missio canonica) u ime Crkve. ; Summary In this unsolved issue of the Canon law, the basic juridical question could be expressed in this way: do the lay faithful possess the ecclesiastical power of governance, or they can only participate in it? The discussion is motivated by two paragraphs of the current Canon Law. The first one deals with the possibility of collaboration of the lay faithful in the exercise of the power of governance (can. 129, § 2). The other one refers to the possibility for lay faithful to be appointed for ecclesiastical judges (can. 1421, § 2), which is linked to exercise of the power of governance. Is the Cannon law incoherent, or a synthesis is possible? The authors following the inductive method firstly explain the power of governance in the Church, then the status of the lay faithful, and their general rights and duties in the Church. Then the authors analyze the cannons 129, § 2 and 1421, § 2, giving particular attention to the sources that influenced the formulation of these canons. Finally, they present the theories of the Roman and the Munich school, the sacramental and the non sacramental theory, regarding the sources and transmission of the sacred power (sacra potestas) in the Church. The possible solution and synthesis are found in the double source and the double tradition of the one and only Christ's power in the Church, by the sacrament of Holy Orders, and the canonic mission (missio canonica) in the name of the Church.

U članku se razmatra transformacija procesa implementacije politike prema osobama s invaliditetom (OSI) u Hrvatskoj, koja je posljedica transformacije modela kreiranja politike prema OSI – iz medicinskog u socijalni, s tendencijom prema razvoju modela ljudskih prava. S obzirom na procesnu usmjerenost analize, implementacija se sagledava na temelju koncepta javnog upravljanja te se koristi teorijski okvir višerazinskog upravljanja Michaela Hilla i Petera Hupea, koji implementaciju shvaćaju kao operativno upravljanje. Konceptualiziraju se i analiziraju promjene aktivnosti operativnog upravljanja na razini sustava, organizacije i pojedinca kao posljedica spomenute transformacije modela. Analizom intervjua aktera politike i provedbenih dokumenata, kao dijela interdisciplinarnog istraživačkog projekta, autorice pokazuju da je u hrvatskoj politici prema OSI došlo do neujednačene transformacije na različitim razinama implementacije (sustav/organizacija/pojedinac). Tako je na razini sustava utvrđena prisutnost socijalnog modela s tendencijom daljnjeg razvoja okvira implementacije prema modelu ljudskih prava. Razinu međuorganizacijskih odnosa obilježava socijalni model, a na razini pojedinca tek se događa izlazak iz medicinskog modela. ; The paper studies the transformation of the process of implementation of the policy toward persons with disabilities (OSI) in Croatia, which arises as a consequence of the transformation of the model of policy-making toward persons with disabilities – from a medical to a social one, with a tendency for development of a model of human rights. Considering the process-based orientation of the analysis, the implementation is examined through the concept of public governance, by using the theoretical framework of multiple governance by Michael Hill and Peter Hupe, who understand implementation as operational governance. Changes of activities of operational governance at the systemic, organizational and individual levels as a consequence of the mentioned transformation of the model are conceptualized and analysed. Through an analysis of the interviews of policy actors and implementation documents, as part of an interdisciplinary research project, the authors show that Croatian policy toward persons with disabilities has seen non-uniform transformation at different levels of implementation (the system/organization/individual). At the systemic level, the existence of the social model with a tendency for further development of the implementation framework toward a model of human rights has been established. The level of inter-organizational relations is characterized by the social model, and at the individual level getting out of the medical model is only taking place.