Public services can develop two contrasting practices of accountability: the conventional model emphasises that to be accountable is to be 'held to account', to be expected to answer questions about performance and that the answers are then evaluated by superiors measured against some standard or expectation following which praise or blame is meted out and sanctions applied. This mode of accountability is expresses hierarchy of authority. A very different process encourages dialogues of accountability between practitioners and publics, who 'give an account' offering a story that interprets and explains what has happened and why it has taken place. This paper observes these contrasting practices in the development of school governance in England and argues for the importance of dialogue to enhance learning and democratic responsiveness. ; Public services can develop two contrasting practices of accountability: the conventional model emphasises that to be accountable is to be 'held to account', to be expected to answer questions about performance and that the answers are then evaluated by superiors measured against some standard or expectation following which praise or blame is meted out and sanctions applied. This mode of accountability is expresses hierarchy of authority. A very different process encourages dialogues of accountability between practitioners and publics, who 'give an account' offering a story that interprets and explains what has happened and why it has taken place. This paper observes these contrasting practices in the development of school governance in England and argues for the importance of dialogue to enhance learning and democratic responsiveness.
The article points out that the process of introducing market relations in Ukraine and the growing role and importance of joint-stock companies in the economic development of the country and well-being of its citizens have created the need of corporate governance that emerged due to changing ownership structures and transition to market relations.The study shows that the corporate form of business organization is a new and complex phenomenon in Ukraine. Corporations (joint-stock companies) are the most widespread and significant form of business organization in the current conditions. It is emphasized that the defining feature of a corporation is that it is owned by shareholders who bought stock. This requires a completely different approach to management and control. The nature, role and principles of corporate governance framework are described. It is reasoned that since management and ownership are separated, there is a need to balance interests of shareholders and management.It is stressed that corporate governance is an important factor in the company's activity and development, the primary purpose of which is to provide owners with the opportunity to organize and exercise effective control over management. The essence of corporate governance is to achieve a balance of interests for participants of corporate governance, namely: shareholders, managers, supervisory board and other groups and individuals (suppliers, consumers, creditors, government authorities, etc). The role and place of management in corporate governance, their interests and powers are highlighted.The following responsibilities are associated with executive bodies, or management: solving currents problems related to the corporation's activities, ensuring decision-making by general meeting of shareholders and supervisory board, planning, organizing, motivating, coordinating, and monitoring.It is substantiated that management and corporate governance are different concepts. The key difference is that corporate governance is a wider concept, and management is an integral part of it. The effectiveness of corporate governance rests on the organization of the work of management.
El artículo analiza las dificultades de la gobernabilidad y su carácter esquivo. Se trata de un estudio sobre cómo mejorar la gobernabilidad, partiendo de la base de que en muchas ocasiones lo que existe en la práctica, son condiciones de ingobernabilidad. El razonamiento central parte de que la ingobernabilidad puede en ocasiones imperar, sin que ello implique necesariamente una fractura en la democracia en su conjunto. Se continúa con un examen de la cohesión y la perdurabilidad de las sociedades, como ejes de la gobernabilidad. Luego se prosigue con consideraciones acerca de las redes de gobernabilidad a nivel local y regional, y con el tratamiento de la crisis de información en las sociedades fragmentadas, así como con las condiciones de inestabilidad crónica y los gobiernos locales. Se finaliza con algunas consideraciones sobre el vínculo existente entre lo local y lo global, y el posible rol de ese proceso en el manejo de crisis y la educación para la paz. ; The article analyzes the difficulties of governance and the elusive nature of governability. lts main purpose is to make suggestions as to how to increase governability. Central to the argument is the suggestion that, despite the occasional reign of ingovernability, this does not imply the fracture of democracy altogether. Cohesion and perdurability are the keys to governability. The article analyzes local and regional governability networks and the management of the information crisis in fragmented societies, as well as the conditions of chronic instability and local co-governments. The article ends with several considerations on the local-to-global links, and the potential role of this process in the management of crisis and education for peace.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una genealogía sobre el concepto de gobernanza, presentar diferentes conceptualizaciones sobre el tema y discutirlos a la luz de algunos elementos de la gobernanza ambiental. La metodología está basada en revisión bibliográfica y documental. Desarrollos del concepto de gobernanza son abordados e implementados por organismos multilaterales, también por pensadores de las ciencias sociales, de los movimientos sociales y de organizaciones no gubernamentales. Sobre gobernanza se pueden diferenciar tres enfoques: uno que la entiende como sinónimo de gobierno; otro que la asume como un marco normativo o conjunto de criterios que deben satisfacer los sistemas políticos para el logro de los objetivos propuestos, y finalmente, la gobernanza puede ser entendida también como la coordinación que tiene lugar en espacios no jerárquicos (redes), que promueven la participación de la sociedad civil en la deliberación de los asuntos públicos y ambientales, mediante sistemas de gobierno gestados por las propias comunidades, que muestran una nueva visión de democracia que han ido edificando, con logros en la creación de nuevas normas para la gestión de los bienes comunes y de su territorio. CC BY-NC-SA Gestión y Ambiente (2016). ; The objective of this work was making a genealogy on the concept of governance, presenting several definitions and discussing them in the light of some elements of environmental governance. The methodology is based on a bibliographic and documentary revision. Developments of this concept are addressed and implemented by multilateral agencies, and also by thinkers of social sciences, social movements and non-governmental organizations. Three approaches of governance can be distinguished: one that understands it as a synonym of government; other that defines it as a framework policy or set of criteria that must be complied by the political systems for the achievement of the proposed objectives; and the third approach states that governance can be understood as the coordination that takes place in non-hierarchical spaces (networks), which promote the participation of civil society in the discussion of public and environmental affairs, through government systems used by communities themselves. This third approach of governance reveals the new vision of democracy that these communities have been building up, with achievements related to the creation of new standards for the management of common goods and their territory. CC BY-NC-SA Gestión y Ambiente (2016).
Este artículo se centra en la problemática de la protección de los derechos sociales y los nuevos paradigmas de la gobernanza económica de la eurozona. Como resultado de las reformas de los últimos años de los tratados y de las recientes modificaciones en la gobernanza económica de la UE, a los gobiernos estatales no les es posible elaborar su propio sistema político y jurídico en asuntos económicos y sociales. Este trabajo analizará estas particularidades así como las limitaciones legales e institucionales que han coartado la soberanía económica de los Estados miembros.This article focuses on the issue of protection of social rights and the new paradigms of economic governance in the euro area. As a result of the recent treaty reforms and recent changes in EU economic governance, it is not possible for state governments to develop their own political and legal systems in economic and social affairs. This paper will analyze these particularities as well as the legal and institutional constraints that have curtailed the economic sovereignty of the Member States.
El gobierno de las universidades americanas está profundamente enraizado en los ideales de la democracia americana y en el concepto de citizen board of trustees(personas ajenas a la institución que llevan a cabo una supervisión de la Universidad o el College sin llegar a llevar el trabajo cotidiano). Estos ciudadanos no son empleados de la institución o de alguno de los gobiernos de los cincuenta Estados del país. Su tarea consiste en representar a la vez a la institución y al conjunto de los intereses de los ciudadanos.Un governing board posee diferentes e importantes responsabilidades, como la supervisión de las finanzas de la institución financieras, los programas académicos y los estándares, y el conjunto de las directrices estratégicas. Una de las más importantes responsabilidades que asumen los governing board es la protección y preservación de la independencia y la autonomía de la institución. Para que el governing board lleve a cabo con éxito sus tareas hace falta una estrecha relación de trabajo con la administración de la institución de educación superior y, en particular, con el presidente/rector. El presidente/rector es contratado y evaluado por el órgano de gobierno y es el principal gestor y portavoz. Cuenta con un gabinete de vicepresidentes/vicerrectores, y preside la administración académica y tiene la facultad de dirigir los objetivos estratégicos establecidos y aprobados por el governing board. Aunque la máxima responsabilidad resida en el governing board, algunas decisiones se podrían delegar al presidente/rector, y a la autoridad académica como las decisiones curriculares.El sistema de estructuras de multicampus, donde un Consejo gobierna múltiples instituciones, son frecuentes en los Estados Unidos de América. Algunos sistemas gobiernan todos los colegios y las universidades públicas del Estado, otros lo hacen con instituciones que tengan misiones similares, y otros siguen un criterio regional.Mientras los citizen trusteeship generalmente reflejan un enfoque descentralizado en la toma de decisiones, formando parte de la cultura política americana, hay asuntos como las cualificaciones para la selección de los miembros del consejo, una correcta orientación y educación, y competencia que les demanda tiempo y atención. Los retos actuales a los que se enfrenta la educación superior en América son tales como una mejor preparación de los profesores, así como el aumento de la producción de grados deCollege degree, y la reducción de las diferencias que existen en los resultados académicos obtenidos por las minorías demográficas, e incluso cuestionarse si las estructuras de gobierno, apoyadas por citizen boards, resulta adecuada. Hablar de reformas para reforzar el gobierno y sus habilidades para dirigir las respuestas estratégicas hacia esos retos es cada vez más frecuente. Siendo también objeto de crítica la selección, la formación, el compromiso con el interés público general o con la institución educativa, a pesar de las dudas que se refieren a su eficacia para el siglo XXI, los citizen governing boards permanecen como uno de los mejores rasgos de la educación universitaria americana. AbstractAmerican higher education governance is deeply rooted in the ideals of American democracy and in the concept of a citizen board of trustees – persons outside the institution who oversee the university or college but do not run it on a day-to-day basis. These citizens are not employees of the institution or of any of the individual 50 state governments. Their duty it is to represent both the institution and the broad public interest of citizens.A governing board has several important responsibilities, including oversight of the institution's finances, academic programs and standards, and broad strategic direction. One of the most critical governing board responsibilities is protecting and preserving the independence and autonomy of the institution. For the board to successfully carry out its responsibilities requires an effective working relationship with the college or university administration, in particular, the president. The college president is hired and evaluated by the governing board and is the lead manager and lead spokesperson. With a cabinet of vice presidents, he or she leads the academic administration and the faculty toward the strategic goals established approved by the governing board. Although ultimate responsibility rests with the governing board, many decisions should be delegated to the president, and also to the faculty for academic and curriculum decisions.Multicampus system structures, where one board governs multiple institutions, are prevalent in the United States. Some systems govern all public colleges and universities in the state, some govern institutions of similar mission, and some are regionally based. Systems are led by a system executive with constituent campuses by campus presidents. Statewide coordinating boards and agencies exist in most states, and in just under half they play a significant role in state policy development and regulation.While citizen trusteeship generally reflects the decentralized approach to decision making that is part of American political culture, there are concerns about qualifications for board members selection, adequate orientation and education, and competing demands on their time and attention. Modern challenges facing U.S. higher education, such as preparing more and better teachers, increasing college degree production, and narrowing the education achievement gaps of minority populations, also lead many to question whether governance structures undergirded by citizen boards are adequate. Talk of reforms to strengthen governance and its ability to lead strategic responses to these challenges are increasing in frequency. Although subject to criticism about their selection, training, and commitment to either the broad public interest or the institution, and despite concerns about their effectiveness for the 21st Century, citizen governing boards remain one of American higher education's best features.
The article examines the possibility of correction of the activity of the political system defined in the framework of the concept of good governance. It is emphasized that for many transformational states of the contemporary world the need for self-restraint of political actors is urgent. The focus is directed on improving the effectiveness of political management through the concept of «good governance». It is noted that in the conditions of democratization the requirements for the transparency of the authorities of its responsibility and adequacy of the decisions made increased. It is argued that in a democratic political process, public experts are beginning to play an increasingly important role. The importance of informatization of the process of civil self-directness is established. The representation of political preferences in political management is analyzed. The role of denationalization and deformation of the processes of political management in the processes of appearance of subjects of political management is explained.Also argued, that the content of the identification of the actors` function of the political management in the countries of political transformations is proved. The incomplete institutional capacity of political players is revealed. The significance of the transformation of modern political management subjects into collective participants in the adoption of strategic decisions is considered.The goal of the article is to identify the actors of political management, which are in the field of influence of the concept and relations «good governance». The task of the article is to identify those functional sectors of political management that are suitable for modernization through the means of «good governance» in transformational democracies.It is proved that an exhaustive interpretation according to which actors of political management must meet the normative requirements framework of good governance as a certain doctrine does not exist. In this case, actors must adhere to certain rules of standards and indicators that are changing in the contemporary world. Therefore, such subjects of political management as party and civic associations may manipulate the governance categories to ensure their reporting on election programs.The opinion presented, that «good governance» in a society of sustainable democracy is a dynamic structure of the assessment of the effectiveness of political management, which is based on current issues in the society main agenda.Revealed, that there is a situation in which institutions of political management should distinguish between the leadership institutions that provide an effective way for modernization and complex reforms. At the present stage, the situation seems to be that the principles of good governance require their communication substantiation and dissemination.A prerequisite for establishing the need for good governance reforms is the relative stability of democratic institutions. In the article established that the criteria for good governance for assessing political institutions are largely based on a certain managerial reality and the achievement of the primary standards of sustainability of democratic governance. They are: the frequency of elections, the legitimacy of the change of government, the availability of rules for political competition, free access of citizens to the decisions of the authorities, developed an independent law-enforcement and media systems. ; В статье исследована возможность коррекции деятельности политической системы, что определяется в рамках концепции надлежащего управления – «good governance». Подчеркивается, что для многих трансформационных государств современного мира насущной потребностью являются самоограничения политических акторов. Сконцентрировано внимание на усовершенствовании эффективности политического управления с помощью концепции «good governance». Отмечается, что в условиях демократизации ужесточились требования к прозрачности власти ее ответственности и адекватности принимаемых решений. Утверждается, что в демократическом политическом процессе все большую роль начинают играть общественные эксперты. Установлено значение информатизации процесса гражданского самовыражения. Проанализировано представительство политических предпочтений в политическом менеджменте. Выяснена роль разгосударствления и деформализации процессов политического управления в процессах появления субъектов политического менеджмента.Доказано содержание функции идентификации субъектов политического менеджмента в странах политических трансформаций. Обоснована неполная институциональная состоятельность политических субъектов. Рассмотрено значение преобразования современных субъектов политического менеджмента в коллективных участников принятия стратегических решений. ; У статті досліджено можливість корекції діяльності політичної системи, що визначається в рамках концепції належного врядування – «good governance». Підкреслюється, що для багатьох трансформаційних держав сучасного світу нагальною є потреба самообмеження політичних акторів. Сконцентровано увагу на удосконаленні ефективності політичного управління за допомогою концепції «good governance». Наголошується, що в умовах демократизації посилилися вимоги до прозорості влади, її відповідальності та адекватності прийнятих рішень. Стверджується, що у демократичному політичному процесі дедалі більшу роль починають відігравати громадські експерти. Встановлено значення інформатизації процесу громадянського самовиразу. Проаналізовано представництво політичних уподобань у політичному менеджменті. З'ясовано роль роздержавлення й деформалізації процесів політичного управління у процесах появи суб'єктів політичного менеджменту.Доведено зміст ідентифікації функції суб'єктів політичного менеджменту у країнах політичних трансформацій. З'ясовано неповну інституційну спроможність політичних гравців. Розглянуто значення перетворення сучасних суб'єктів політичного менеджменту на колективних учасників ухвалення стратегічних рішень.
Purpose. The current socio-economic situation actualizes the need to study and optimize the communication process of public administration. The subject of the research are theoretical and applied aspects of the organization, regulation and control of public communication in terms of good governance. The aim is to determine the content, objectives, principles of communication in public administration as an effective means of forming and reproducing power-administrative relations and institutions of a democratic society. Research limitations/implications. Using the methods of philosophical and general scientific levels in their complementarity it was analyzed the significance of modern information and communication technologies to provide innovation in the activities of public administration authorities. Originality/value. The scientific importance of the work consists in describing the challenges associated with the implementation of the tasks to provide permanent channels of communication between government and society; in verifying the role of the media as both a communication channel and an active participant in the process of public administration reforming; in substantiating the principles of the interaction between public sector and the media. As a conclusion it was affirmed the necessity to develop the state strategic communications program on the basis of an integrated approach, taking into account the importance of communications for optimal public administration providing. The problems of the implementation and practical recommendations regarding the communication between state and society were identified ; Современная социально-экономическая ситуация актуализирует необходимость исследования и оптимизации коммуникационного процесса публичного управления. Предметом исследования являются теоретические и прикладные аспекты организации, регулирования и управления публичными коммуникациями в условиях «хорошего управления» («good governance»). Цель – определить содержание, задачи, принципы коммуникационного взаимодействия в публичном управлении как эффективного средства формирования и воспроизводства властно-управленческих отношений и институтов демократического общества. С помощью методов философского и общенаучного уровней в их взаимодополняемости проанализирована значимость современных информационно-коммуникационных технологий по обеспечению инновационности в деятельности органов публичного управления, охарактеризованы вызовы, связанные с реализацией задачи обеспечения постоянных каналов коммуникации между государством и обществом; уточнена роль средств массовой информации как канала связи, так и активного участника процесса реформирования публичного управления; обоснованы принципы взаимодействия представителей публичного сектора со средствами массовой информации. Как вывод доказывается необходимость развития государственной стратегической программы коммуникаций на основе комплексного подхода, с учетом значимости коммуникаций для оптимальной организации управления общественной жизнью. Определены проблемы имплементации и практические рекомендации относительно коммуникационного взаимодействия между государством и обществом ; Сучасна соціально-економічна ситуація актуалізує необхідність дослідження та оптимізації комунікаційного процесу публічного управління. Предметом дослідження є теоретичні та прикладні аспекти організації, регулювання та управління публічними комунікаціями в умовах «доброго врядування». Мета – визначити зміст, завдання, принципи комунікаційної взаємодії в публічному управлінні як ефективного засобу формування і відтворення владно-управлінських відносин та інститутів демократичного суспільства. За допомогою методів філософського та загальнонаукового рівнів у їхній взаємодоповнюваності проаналізовано значущість сучасних інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій щодо забезпечення інноваційності в діяльності органів публічного управління, охарактеризовано виклики, що пов'язані із реалізацією завдання встановлення постійних каналів комунікації між державою і суспільством; уточнено роль засобів масової інформації як каналу зв'язку, так і активного учасника процесу реформування публічного управління; обґрунтовано принципи взаємодії представників публічного сектора із засобами масової інформації. Як висновок доводиться необхідність розбудови державної стратегічної програми комунікацій на засадах комплексного підходу, з урахуванням значущості комунікацій для оптимальної організації управління суспільним життям. Визначено проблеми імплементації та практичні рекомендації щодо комунікаційної взаємодії влади і суспільства
La Corporación Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, en adelante "UNAB" o la "Universidad", es una institución sin ánimo de lucro de carácter privado dedicada al servicio de la educación. Tiene como propósito la formación en el marco de principios democráticos y liberales y propende por el mejoramiento del país. En su calidad de Institución de Educación Superior desarrolla funciones de docencia, investigación y extensión en áreas que incluyen educación técnica, tecnológica, de pregrado y posgrados, así como la investigación científica o tecnológica y la producción, desarrollo y transmisión del conocimiento y la cultura. Para la UNAB el gobierno corporativo, entendido como el conjunto de principios y reglas a través de las cuales se asignan derechos y responsabilidades a los órganos de gobierno y se definen sus marcos de actuación, es un instrumento para mejorar su desempeño misional, y generar valor para sus grupos de interés. El presente Código de Gobierno Corporativo es un documento de carácter autorregulatorio que refleja el compromiso de la UNAB con el fortalecimiento de su modelo de gobierno. El Código describe de manera general los principales elementos del sistema de dirección y control de la Universidad. En este sentido, actúa como articulador de todos los elementos de gobierno corporativo definidos por la Universidad que se desarrollan de manera más detallada en otros documentos internos tales como: los Estatutos, los reglamentos de los órganos de gobierno, y el Código de ética. Este documento está estructurado con base en la Constitución Política, la Ley, los Estatutos de la Corporación y estándares locales e internacionales de gobierno corporativo. ; INTRODUCCIÓN A. MIEMBROS DE LA CORPORACIÓN I.Sobre la Sala General de Miembros II.Deberes y derechos de los miembros de la Sala General II.Previsiones operativas de la Sala General B. CONSEJO DE BENEMÉRITOS C. JUNTA DIRECTIVA I.Deberes y derechos de los miembros de la Junta Directiva II.Sobre el Presidente y los Vicepresidentes de la Junta Directiva III.Sobre el Secretario de la Junta Directiva IV. Sobre las reuniones y operatividad de Junta Directiva V. Sobre la inducción, evaluación y remuneración de la Junta Directiva VI. Sobre los Comités de la Junta Directiva D.ALTA DIRECCIÓN E. ARQUITECTURA DE CONTROL I.Auditoría interna II.Gestión de riesgos III.Revisoría Fiscal F. TRANSPARENCIA Y REVELACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN G. DISPOSICIONES ÉTICAS I.Disposiciones sobre conflictos de interés II.Disposiciones sobre transacciones entre partes vinculadas III. Línea Ética H.RESOLUCIÓN DE CONTROVERSIAS I.DISPOSICIONES FINALES ; The Autonomous University of Bucaramanga Corporation, hereinafter "UNAB" or the "University", is a private non-profit institution dedicated to the service of education. Its purpose is to train within the framework of democratic and liberal principles and aims for the betterment of the country. As an Institution of Higher Education, it develops teaching, research and extension functions in areas that include technical, technological, undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as scientific or technological research and the production, development and transmission of knowledge and culture. For UNAB, corporate governance, understood as the set of principles and rules through which rights and responsibilities are assigned to the governing bodies and their frameworks of action are defined, is an instrument to improve their missionary performance, and generate value for your stakeholders. This Corporate Governance Code is a self-regulatory document that reflects UNAB's commitment to strengthening its governance model. The Code describes in a general way the main elements of the management and control system of the University. In this sense, it acts as an articulator of all the elements of corporate governance defined by the University that are developed in more detail in other internal documents such as: the Bylaws, the regulations of the governing bodies, and the Code of Ethics. This document is structured based on the Political Constitution, the Law, the Bylaws of the Corporation and local and international standards of corporate governance.
En la actualidad, la administración pública demanda flexibilidad, creatividad, efectividad, eficiencia, participación, cooperación y corresponsabilidad. El mundo de hoy y, en este caso, el desarrollo, necesitan una nueva forma de gobernar. Reconociendo este requerimiento y la necesidad de explicar su por qué, en este trabajo de reflexión y desde la palestra de la Geografía, se aborda el tema de la gobernanza territorial como un nuevo esquema de acción para gobernar el territorio con fines de desarrollo. La premisa del estudio es: el desarrollo necesita gobierno. y como no toda acción del gobierno es de gobierno. se demanda una adecuación. se requiere gobernanza territorial para el desarrollo. ; Currently, the public administration requires flexibility, creativity, effectiveness, efficiency, participation and joined responsibility. The world and, more specifically, the development need a new form of governing. Recognizing this requirement and the need to answer why it is recognized, but from the Geography point of view, the topic of territory governance as a new action scheme to rule the territory for its development is being dealt with in this reflection paper. The premise of this study is: the development requires government. and as every government action is of government. an adaptation is needed. a territory governance for the development is required. ; 134-152 ; bourgoin@ula.ve ; Semestral
The purpose of the article is to establish an analysis of the progress made by open fiscal governance in Latin America. Based on the study of commitments related to the use of public resources, the actions included in plans implemented by the countries of the region within the framework of the Open Government Partnership (OGP), concludes with the need to take advantage of the Knowledge and learning generated in the processes of fiscal governance with the use of public resources, to mobilize an agenda focused on solving the main problems that affect citizens and impede the achievement of development results.
The quality is a degree of excellence, and what is excellent is new. The evaluations of the quality of the organizations, departments, functional areas, activities, products and services have been recognized by the goodness of their results beginning to be mandatory and of increasingly strict application in the search of the fulfilment of its purposes. The quality has been a goal of many countries. In Ecuador, the Constitution establishes that the public administration is governed by principles, among others: the quality. This involves the participation of the people to ensure the actions in the organizational context. The quality has an impact on people, activities, processes and outcomes; all guided toward excellence. An intention of quality (not exclusive from the point of view of the analysis of other models) and at the same time of the Government of the TSI is the application of good practices of the Ibero-American Model [3] and of the standard ISO/IEC 38500 [4], respectively. The proposed quality assessment model exposes the government of TIS as a functional team at the service of the organization of TIS. Therefore, the model is a response to the value-based quality concept on value due to the extent that Ecuador is gaining a growth in the use of technology. The existing literature on EFQM models, Malcolm Baldrige and other authors who support it, was available for this work [5] [6] [7] [8]. In such a way that it is appropriate to identify suitable criterion relations between standards of governance and models of excellence, the criteria and sub-criteria, dimensions and evidence that arise as part of the quality model. ; Tesis presentada el 19/09/2017 en la Army Forces University ESPE, Department of Computer Science, PhD Thesis in Computer Science. Advisors: Claudia Pons, Rocio Rodríguez. ; Facultad de Informática
Energy is linked to economic development and national security. Governments have often understood energy as an area of «high politics» where national interests are above collective interests. However, the evolution of the concept of energy security, the growing awareness of the need to improve access to modern energy and to avoid dangerous climate change transformed the way of confronting energy issues. Global energy governance has become the concept for analyzing international collaboration. Conceiving of global energy governance demands understanding the nature and magnitude of energy. Equally important is to know who is responsible for taking the decisions. Only then we will be able to make appropriate steps. This article focuses on both elements: why energy is a global issue and who governs it. ; La energía está ligada al desarrollo económico y la seguridad nacional. A menudo los gobiernos han entendido la energía como un área de la «alta política» donde los intereses nacionales predominan sobre los intereses colectivos. Sin embargo, la evolución del concepto de seguridad energética, la creciente conciencia de que es necesario mejorar el acceso a los servicios de energía modernos así como evitar un cambio climático peligroso, modificó esa aproximación hacia los problemas energéticos. La gobernanza energética global se ha convertido en el concepto de análisis de la colaboración internacional. Entender el concepto de gobernanza energética global precisa conocer la naturaleza y la magnitud del ámbito energético. Igualmente importante es conocer quién es el responsable de tomar las decisiones. Sólo entonces seremos capaces de tomar las medidas adecuadas. Este artículo se centra en analizar dos elementos: por qué la energía es un problema mundial y quién la gobierna.
Main objective of the study is the analysis of the environmental governance in the Eastern Partnership countries. Methodology of the study includes an analysis of the European Union and the countries of the Eastern Partnership documents devoted to the implementation of the environmental governance principles. The study clarifies the concepts of "governance", "environmental governance", "European environmental governance". The main principles and values of the European environmental governance are determined. The environmental vector of the Eastern Partnership and measures that promote the implementation of environmental governance, in particular the Flagship initiative of the Eastern Partnership on Effective Environmental Governance (2009) and the Ministerial Declaration on Environmental Cooperation and Climate Change (2016) have been analyzed. The results of the study show the role of the European Union in improving governance and conducting effective reforms in the Eastern Partnership countries, including the implementation in the environmental policy such European values as democracy, rule of law, engagement, transparency, impact assessment. It has concluded that during 2009–2017, there was a certain progress in the implementation of environmental governance in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, but still there are many problems on this way. Ukraine, the first one among the Eastern Partnership countries, has developed a "soft" instrument for implementing the principles of good environmental governance, which has been put in the "Roadmap for the implementation of the provisions of the Luxembourg Declaration" (2017). This document is currently under development. The significance of the study is in the determining the key role of the European values in the implementation of environmental governance and proposal for their wider inclusion not only in this document, but in practices in Ukraine.
