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"Despite its tiny size and seeming marginality to world affairs, the Central American republic of Costa Rica has long been considered an important site for experimentation in cutting-edge environmental policy. This book frames Costa Rica as an "ecolaboratory" and asks what lessons we can learn for the future of environmental governance and sustainable development both within the country and elsewhere."

'The Governor's Dilemma' develops a general theory of indirect governance based on the tradeoff between governor control and intermediary competence; the empirical chapters apply that theory to a diverse range of cases encompassing both international relations and comparative politics. The theoretical framework paper starts from the observation that virtually all governance is indirect, carried out through intermediaries. But governors in indirect governance relationships face a dilemma: competent intermediaries gain power from the competencies they contribute, making them difficult to control, while efforts to control intermediary behavor limit important intermediary competencies, including expertise, credibility, and legitimacy. Thus, governors can obtain either high intermediary competence or strong control, but not both.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Global Trends in Local Governance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Demographic, Urban and Digital Transition Trends -- 1.3 Decentralization and the Global Development Agendas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Recent and Contemporary Trends in European Studies of Local Government and Local Politics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 New Public Management in Contemporary Perspective -- 2.3 The Concept of Turn from Local government to Local Governance -- 2.4 Concepts of Re-scaling, Europeanization and Multi-level Governance -- 2.5 Contemporary Trends in European Studies of Local Governments -- 2.5.1 The Renaissance of Comparative Research -- 2.5.2 Decentralization and Local policies in Front of 2008 Economic Crisis -- 2.5.3 The Renaissance of Territorial reforms and Discussions on the Issue of Economies of Scale -- 2.5.4 Management of Metropolitan Areas -- 2.5.5 Deficit of Democracy -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Governance Without Power? The Fight of the Hungarian Counties for Survival -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 International Trends in Territorial Governance -- 3.2.1 The Rise and Fall of Hungarian Counties in the History of Territorial Governance -- 3.3 Governance Without Power and Own Resources - Findings of an Empirical Survey -- 3.3.1 Methodological Characteristics -- 3.3.2 Organisational Features -- 3.3.3 Characteristics of the Operation of the County Self-Governments -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: From Financial Centralisation to Political Centralisation. The Focal Points of the Municipal Reforms from the Transition Until Present Day Hungary -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Frameworks of Public Administration Structures -- 4.3 Changes in the Financial Environment -- 4.4 Relations Between Financial and Municipal (Public) Tasks.

Chapter One The contribution of China's poverty alleviation to MDGs -- Chapter Two The aim of SDG's poverty alleviation: connotation and policy orientation -- Chapter Three The present situation of China's poverty and the challenge of poverty alleviation towards 2030 -- Chapter Four Poverty alleviation and development system with Chinese characteristics -- Chapter Five China's poverty alleviation and development policy system -- Chapter Six The outlook of China's poverty alleviation: 2021~2030 -- Chapter Seven The general situation of China's engagement in global poverty governance.

A corruption scandal in 19th century India led to efforts to intimidate Indian witnesses against the accused British official. Litigation in India fueled a political pressure campaign in London producing questions in the House of Commons. Negotiations between London, Bombay, and Calcutta led to a compromise that saw Indians fired from government servants, but still being paid and eligible for pensions. But this buyout failed to deal with the shame and stigma the fired officials faced.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- The Concept of Size in Subnational Government Research -- The Research Design of the Book -- Organisation of the Book -- References -- 2 Conceptualising Key Concepts -- The Elusive Concept of Size -- The Interaction Between State Capacity and Decentralisation -- The Four Paradoxes of Governance in Small States -- Theories of Subnational Government and Governance -- The European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Aberdeen Agenda -- References -- 3 Decentralisation to Subnational Governments in Small States -- Exploring the Quality of Subnational Government in Small States Worldwide -- Subnational Government in Small States in Africa -- Subnational Government in Small States in Asia -- Subnational Government in Small States in the Caribbean -- Subnational Government in Small States in the Pacific -- Subnational Government in Small States in Europe -- Decentralisation of Responsibilities to Subnational Government in Small States -- References -- 4 The Nordic Local Government Model: The Icelandic Way -- The Origin of the Icelandic Local Government System -- The Institutional Framework of Icelandic Local Governments -- Horizontal Power Relations at the Icelandic Local Government Level -- Sources of Revenue for Icelandic Local Governments -- Reforms at the Icelandic Local Government Level -- References -- 5 Urbanisation in a Small State: The Case of Iceland -- The Foundation of Metropolitan Areas and City-Regions -- Urbanisation Patterns in Iceland -- The Capital City of Reykjavík and Its Suburbs -- Reykjavík's City-Region as a Functional Area -- A Big Fish in a Small Pond -- References -- 6 The Choice Between Efficiency and Tradition -- Political Decentralisation in Iceland: Amateur or Professional Politics -- Fiscal Decentralisation -- Local Government Administrative Capacity.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Limited Portability of Policy Theories: Claims for a New Analytical Perspective -- Gaps as Context for Agency: Turning Towards NGOs -- Gaps, Voids, Failure, Decoupling -- Two Country Cases: Post-Soviet Armenia and Georgia -- A Comparative Policy Field Approach -- Criminal Justice -- Social Protection -- A Compound Comparative Research Design -- Data Collection and Analysis -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Theorizing Gaps in Hybrid Regimes -- Gaps and Institutional Change in Developed Democracies: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective -- From Exogenous to Endogenous Institutional Change -- Gaps as Real Outcomes -- Gaps as Analytic Abstraction -- Merging Perspectives -- Institutional Weakness and Informality -- Do Formal Rules Matter? -- The Power of Informal Institutions -- An Analytical Framework of Gaps in Non-Democratic Regimes -- The Model: Why Do Gaps Emerge? -- Implementation and Impact Gaps -- Implications of Gaps for Governments and NGOs across Regimes -- In Conclusion: An Inventory of Gaps -- References -- Chapter 3: Criminal Justice Policy in Georgia: NGOs Facing Shallow Reform -- The Implementation Gap -- The Policy Environment: Zero Tolerance for Crime and Rapid Reform -- Ambiguities in Formal Law -- Implementation Problems -- Excesses of the Zero Tolerance Policy -- The Penal State: A Non-credible Liberal -- NGO as Gap Agents -- Reform Partners -- Institutionalized Interaction -- Silenced Advocacy -- Criticism and Conflict -- Gap Creates Room for Service Providers but Silences Critical Voices -- References -- Chapter 4: Social Protection in Georgia: NGOs in a Field of Low Political Salience -- The Impact Gap -- The Policy Environment: Serial Changes in Economic Policy.