This book focuses on water services, including water supply and wastewater services and deals with the connections between these. It covers water supply mainly in urban communities, sanitation and pollution control and water resources and their linkages to water services. This book is divided in to four key sections relating to governance frameworks, technology and socio-ecological interactions, government and governance, and long terms policies. The chapters analyse the complexity of the water services sector based on a historical analysis of developments within the sector. The underlying conviction is that only by understanding past trends, processes and developments can the current situation in the water services be understood. Only through this understanding can policies for sustainable water services in the future be formulated. The four key sections relate to governance frameworks, technology and socio-ecological interactions, government and governance, and long terms policies.
La dificultad de que las leyes se mantengan es un tema recurrente en la historia económica y social brasileña. Tanto los extranjeros como los brasileños sienten que esta dificultad genera una sensación de impunidad y debilidad moral. Este artículo busca establecer un modelo teórico de referencia en el que las leyes brasileñas sean intencionadamente ambiciosas en la dirección del progreso social y político. Existe un entendimiento de que la estructura social y política es incapaz de hacer cumplir estas nuevas leyes en su totalidad. Sólo con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, existe una compensación entre un proyecto social ambicioso (que proporciona un bien social) y el retraso en la aplicación efectiva de estas leyes (que tiene un coste moral). Esta teoría revela el equilibrio entre bienes y costes sociales que determina el grado de cumplimiento alcanzado y los cambios que alteran este modelo. Este modelo se utiliza para examinar al gobierno corporativo en Brasil durante las últimas tres décadas del siglo XIX y examina la crisis del "Encilhamento" de este período. ; The difficulty of making laws stick is a recurring theme in Brazilian economic and social history. Both foreigners and Brazilians feel this difficulty creates a sense of impunity and moral weakness. This articles seeks to establish a theoretical reference model wherein Brazilian laws are purposely ambitious in the direction of social and political progress. There is an understanding that the social and political structure is incapable of enforcing these new laws in their entirety. Only with time. Thus there exists a trade-off between an ambitious social project (which provides a social good) and the delay in the effective enforcement of these laws (which bears a moral cost). This theory reveals the balance between social goods and costs that determines the degree of enforcement attained as well as the changes that alter this model. This model is used to examine corporate governance in Brazil during the last three decades of the nineteenth century and examines the crisis of the "Encilhamento" of this period. ; Um tema recorrente na história econômica e social do Brasil diz respeito a dificuldade de fazer cumprir as leis aprovadas. Isso cria uma sensação de impunidade e fraqueza moral, tanto para os estrangeiros quanto para os próprios brasileiros. Esse artigo busca construir um quadro de referência teórica, no qual as leis no Brasil são propositadamente muito ambiciosas, buscando um progresso social e econômico. Ao fazer isso, no entanto, existe um entendimento que a estrutura social e política é incapaz de fazer cumprir na sua plenitude a nova lei. Só com o tempo. Desse modo, existe um "trade off" entre um projeto social ambicioso (que traz um "beneficio social"), e o descompasso com a efetiva possibilidade de se conseguir cumprir a lei (o que acarreta um custo "moral"). O quadro teórico mostra o equilíbrio entre benefício e custo social, que dita "o grau de enforcement" atingido, e mudanças que possam alterar esse quadro. O modelo é aplicado para examinar a governança corporativa no Brasil durante as`três últimas décadas do século XIX, e examina a crise do "Encilhamento" nesse período. ; peerReviewed
Regional governance systems and national frameworks to address climate change and accelerate green growth in Asia are reviewed and tools to address climate change are outlined. Options for regional level political institutions and financial architecture needed to fulfill voluntary pledges and programs are suggested and potentials, options, and challenges regarding monitoring, reporting, and verification systems are analyzed. In conclusion, policy measures for adaption and mitigation to climate change are provided.
