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Abstract Tokyo Trial is a historical TV series on the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo. Its heroes are the audacious dissenting judges Pal and Röling—a rare choice that seems to point to a critical counter-narrative of international criminal justice. This article suggests multiple readings of Tokyo Trial that open up historiographical and ideological struggles beneath the tropes of an entertaining 'docu-drama'. ; Peer reviewed

Tokyo, that epitome of Japanese cities, reflects in its urban structure a culture in which the meaning and use of public space has traditionally been very different from those of European cities. Two concurring and opposed processes are currently taking place in the biggest city on the planet which challenge that preconception: on one hand, a gradual canceling out of the original small-scale, multilayered urban fabric, substituted by huge, monolithic private developments; and on the other hand, a gradual collective acknowledgement of the sociopolitical role of public spaces, including a new attitude toward publicness and a new awareness of urban design's potential to facilitate social interchanges. An experimental event carried out in Tokyo in 2014 is presented as an example of this change in the perspective on public space in Tokyo, and as a model to engage students in architecture and social sciences in a beneficial transformation of the city, toward a new publicness. ; Tòquio: cap a una nova idea d'allò públicTòquio, epítom de la ciutat japonesa, reflecteix en la seua estructura urbana una cultura en la qual, tradicionalment, l'espai públic ha tingut un significat molt diferent del de les ciutats europees. Dos processos concurrents i oposats s'estan donant avui dia a la ciutat més gran del món, posant en crisi aquesta preconcepció: d'una banda, una cancel·lació gradual del teixit urbà original, de xicoteta escala i format per múltiples capes, que ve substituït per enormes promocions privades monolítiques; d'altra banda, un reconeixement col·lectiu progressiu del paper sociopolític dels espais públics, incloent una nova actitud cap a la idea d'allò que és públic i una nova consciència de les possibilitats del disseny urbà per facilitar els intercanvis socials. Un esdeveniment experimental dut a terme a Tòquio el 2014 es dóna com a exemple d'aquest canvi de perspectiva respecte de l'espai públic i com a model per involucrar l'estudiantat d'arquitectura i de ciències socials en una transformació beneficiosa de ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre aux exigences des investisseurs financiers en matière de rendements a conduit les gestionnaires d'actifs des REITs à privilégier la location à des jeunes employés " prometteurs " de grandes entreprises japonaises. En soulignant la médiation des grandes entreprises dans la relation propriétaire-locataire, l'article fait entrer ces acteurs négligés dans le cadre de la financiarisation du logement locatif, et replace l'analyse dans le contexte plus large de l'emploi.

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre aux exigences des investisseurs financiers en matière de rendements a conduit les gestionnaires d'actifs des REITs à privilégier la location à des jeunes employés " prometteurs " de grandes entreprises japonaises. En soulignant la médiation des grandes entreprises dans la relation propriétaire-locataire, l'article fait entrer ces acteurs négligés dans le cadre de la financiarisation du logement locatif, et replace l'analyse dans le contexte plus large de l'emploi.

International audience Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre ...

[ES] Esquema del desarrollo urbano de Tokio. Se estudia el origen defensivo (siglo xv), la función como centro político-militar desde comienzos de1 XVII el desarrollo modernización con la época Meiji (iniciada en 1868) y la ciudad actual, especialmente zona central con las funciones de sus barrios, subcentros y redes de comunicación (ferrocarriles, metro, autopistas), así como los trabajos de descentralización. ; {EN} Beginning with deffensive purpose (XVth century), Tokyo evoluated to a political and military centre in the xviith gentury. With the Meiji time (1868) we find the modem city. Tokyo today has acentral area, surrounding areas with its special functions subareas and communicatios network (railroad undergound, highways). Important work has been done in order to descentralise. ; [FR] u début sa fonction était de protection comme forteresse (xvh"'siecle)D. es de xviri'""si&cleo n assiste ala création d'un centre politique et militaire. L'époque Meiji (des 1868) apporte le développement modernisation. La ville d'aujourd'hui comporte une zone centrale, des quartiersavec et la fonctions diverses, de sous-centres et des réseaux de communications (trains, métros et autoroutes). On assite a un effort impoytant de descentralisation. ; Peer reviewed

Tokyo, that epitome of Japanese cities, reflects in its urban structure a culture in which the meaning and use of public space has traditionally been very different from those of European cities. Two concurring and opposed processes are currently taking place in the biggest city on the planet which challenge that preconception: on one hand, a gradual canceling out of the original small-scale, multilayered urban fabric, substituted by huge, monolithic private developments; and on the other hand, a gradual collective acknowledgement of the sociopolitical role of public spaces, including a new attitude toward publicness and a new awareness of urban design's potential to facilitate social interchanges. An experimental event carried out in Tokyo in 2014 is presented as an example of this change in the perspective on public space in Tokyo, and as a model to engage students in architecture and social sciences in a beneficial transformation of the city, toward a new publicness. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

This research documents recent outcomes set forth by the Guidelines for Heat Island Control Measures (GHICM) in 2005 by the Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. These guidelines incentivized development in general to implement such techniques as green roof, living wall and water-retaining pavements as intensive heat island control measures in the central urban core of Tokyo. The original research findings of this paper stem from a 2016 Snell Endowment for Transportation Research grant intended to disseminate such metrics as methodology for future transportation development, specifically focused on transportation infrastructure's adaptation of the GHICM and the implementation of living wall systems. This study qualitatively documents three living wall systems in transportation infrastructure design in the most intense heat areas defined by the GHICM: JR Tokyo Train Station Drop-off, Ookayama Station/Hospital and Ginza Station terrace. Ultimately, this comparative research facilitates transportation infrastructure optimization, novel implementation of green building techniques and heat-island reduction through physical and cultural potentials.

Background In summer 2014, an autochthonous outbreak of dengue occurred in Tokyo, Japan, in which Yoyogi Park acted as the focal area of transmission. Recognizing the outbreak, concerted efforts were made to control viral spread, which included mosquito control, public announcement of the outbreak, and a total ban on entering the park. We sought to assess the effectiveness of these control measures. Methodology/Principal findings We used a mathematical model to describe the transmission dynamics. Using dates of exposure and illness onset, we categorized cases into three groups according to the availability of these datasets. The infection process was parametrically modeled by generation, and convolution of the infection process and the incubation period was fitted to the data. By estimating the effective reproduction number, we determined that the effect of dengue risk communication together with mosquito control from 28 August 2014 was insufficiently large to lower the reproduction number to below 1. However, once Yoyogi Park was closed on 4 September, the value of the effective reproduction number began to fall below 1, and the associated relative reduction in the effective reproduction number was estimated to be 20%-60%. The mean incubation period was an estimated 5.8 days. Conclusions/Significance Regardless of the assumed number of generations of cases, the combined effect of mosquito control, risk communication, and park closure appeared to be successful in interrupting the chain of dengue transmission in Tokyo. Author summary Evaluating the interventions implemented during an outbreak of mosquito-borne disease is of utmost importance, offering lessons for future control strategies. By retrospectively analyzing data of the first autochthonous dengue epidemic of the 21st century in Tokyo, Japan, we assessed the effectiveness of the interventions. Once a dengue outbreak was confirmed in late August 2014, the government of Japan took drastic mosquito control measures, targeting both adults and larvae. News of the outbreak was also widely disseminated via mass media along with experts' recommendations as to how people could avoid the risks of dengue infection. As the outbreak was not immediately controlled, the focal area of transmission, Yoyogi Park, was closed on 4 September. Using a mathematical model, we assessed how well dengue virus transmission was intervened in relation to the start times of interventions. As we incorporated precise timing into the model, we directly modeled the time of infection and accounted for the time delay from infection to illness onset. Thus, we revealed that mosquito control and risk communication measures alone could not interrupt the chain of transmission; however, adding park closure to these interventions was substantially effective in reducing the number of transmissions.

This paper reviews an adaptation plan for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The Japanese Government decided to remain in the Paris Agreement and began trying to reduce CO2 with technology after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Nuclear power plants were closed, and some are still under safety review. Newly built thermal power plants will increase CO2 emissions, and the battle among the ministries hinders effective adaptation planning. In 2012, the central government announced three basic approaches: risk management, comprehensive and general planning, and cooperating with local governments. However, the central government's tactics still fall behind other countries', and local governments such as prefectures and municipalities continue to need to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. Local governments lack the appropriate information, technology, and budget. In 2018, the Ministry of the Environment released guidelines for local governments to draft adaptation plans. Tokyo established a basic environmental plan in 2008 and made an environmental prediction in 2009. By analyzing comparative administrative law and environmental law perspectives, this paper will review improvements to Japan's capacity to adapt and the sensibility of the Tokyo Metropolitan Adaptation Plan. Tokyo has several basic policies: establish a smart energy city, encourage the "3Rs" (recycle, reduce, and reuse), and sustainably use resources. The plan might present a good example for other prefectures, just as the State of California has become a model for other parts of the United States.

While we witnessed collapse of Islamic State's territorial control, Jihadists threat will continue for decades. But the real threat will not come from groups such as Al Qaeda and Islamic State but its Salafi Jihadism. Of course, the ideological threat is not visible and can never be eradicated by military actions. Cyberspace has facilitated the threat to be transnational pandemic phenomenon, as proved by inspired individuals. The backgrounds of those vary by person and this ideology performs as a detonator in driving individuals into violent terrorists. Japan is located at the periphery of Jihadist's interest. But Islamic State declared their intention to target Japan and included it in part of East Asia Wilayah before. While Japan has no serious confrontations surrounding Muslims, this ideological threat with internet deeper penetration has potential risk to emerge anywhere in the world. Including the fact that the Olympics continue to be a target or good opportunity for terrorists, Japan needs to develop counter-terrorism measures with the most sophisticated technology and awareness for crisis management. After personal evaluation on post-IS world with Al Qaeda, this paper looks back history of terrorism in world events focusing on the Olympic games, and then shows the linkage between Japan and Jihadists. Finally, the paper analyzes possibility on Jihadist attacks targeting Tokyo Olympics 2021.