Suchergebnisse

In the interest of responsible agency service, the skilled caseworker interested in sustained therapy must be given sanction to offer such services

In this study I examined examples of implementation of conservation policies initiated by the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). I focused on the 101 conservation initiatives conducted during the period of 2002-2012 on the territories of groups classified by the international law as indigenous peoples. I assessed a degree to which conservation benefited indigenous communities as means to combat poverty and ecological degradation. I focused on the connections between the provisions of the CBD Article 8(j) that specified the importance of protecting indigenous and local communities' traditional knowledge and practices (TK) to conservation, and the actual realities of conservation initiatives in which indigenous expertise was used. I learned that despite the wide use of elements composing TK in the projects examined, only certain communities benefited from the conservation initiatives, with a predominant part of beneficiaries located in the states that insured greater degree of legal and social protection to indigenous individuals as citizens of those states. For the most part conservation was imposed upon indigenous groups; some communities suffered displacement and poverty loosing the lands and resources to the conservation authorities. At the same time in other cases conservation projects offered an opportunity for indigenous individuals to advance their perspectives on managing traditional lands and natural environments and thus, to some degree, advanced underlining these groups' interests. I concluded that collaborative work between indigenous groups and the outside agencies remains the key means toward improving the indigenous economies and relations with external actors while also serving as a means to care for the environment across geo-political boundaries.

AbstractThe experience of the indigenous communities regarding access and benefit sharing under the national regimes based on provisions of Convention on Biological Diversity and Bonn Guidelines has not been satisfactory. The communities expect that noncommercial values should be respected and misappropriation should be prevented. Some academics and civil society groups have suggested that traditional knowledge commons and biocultural protocols will be useful in ensuring that while noncommercial values are respected, access and benefit sharing takes place on conditions that are acceptable to the communities. This proposal is examined in this context in the larger context of access and benefit sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and implementing prior informed consent principles in access and benefit sharing. This article examines knowledge commons, provides examples from constructed commons in different sectors and situates traditional knowledge commons in the context of debates on commons and public domain. The major shortcomings of traditional commons and bicultural protocol are pointed out, and it is suggested that these are significant initiatives that can be combined with the Nagoya Protocol to fulfill the expectations of indigenous communities.

SUMMARY The body of knowledge, science and techniques used by rural people is well developed and can make an important contribution to development, but there is a conflict between it and modern knowledge. Modern knowledge is an instrument of power belonging to the technician. By emphasising the government agent's knowledge, development projects devalue traditional rural peoples' knowledge, and deny them creativity. We need new institutional ways of releasing the creative abilities of rural people in order to achieve a synthesis of traditional and modern knowledge.RESUME Notes sur les connaissances traditionnelles, les connaissances modernes et le développement ruralL'ensemble des connaissances, des sciences et des techniques utilisées par les ruraux est loin d'être négligeable et peut apporter une aide importante au développement, mais il entre en conflit avec les connaissances modernes. Les connaissances modernes sont un instrument de pouvoir appartenant au technicien. En mettant en avant les connaissances de l'agent du gouvernement les projets de développement dévalorisent les connaissances rurales traditionnelles et leur refusent toute créactivité. il faut instituer de nouvelles démarches pour libérer les aptitudes créatives des ruraux, afin de parvenir à une synthèse des connaissances traditionnelles et modernes.RESUMEN Notas sobre el conocimiento tradicional, el conocimiento moderno y el desarrollo ruralEl cuerpo del conocimiento, la ciencia y las técnicas utilizadas por la población rural está bien desarrollado y puede hacer una importante aportación al desarrollo, pero existe un conflicto entre ellos y el conocimiento moderno. El conocimiento moderno es un instrumento de poder que pertenece al técnico. Al poner de relieve el conocimiento del agente del gobierno, los proyectos de desarrollo devalúan el conocimiento tradicional de la población rural, negándoles sus posibilidades creativas. Necesitamos nuevas maneras institucionales de liberar las habilidades creativas de la población rural, con objeto de conseguir una síntesis del conocimiento tradicional y el moderno.