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Prostitution seems to play a key role nowadays in academic and public debates about women's status in complex societies and the ways political discourses take into account sexualities. The aim of this article is to offer a survey of different manners of theorising prostitution. More precisely, it tends to free the subject of prostitution from a field imposed by a totalizing discourse driven by a medical gaze and oversaturated by ethical and dogmatic prejudices and to redeem its theoretical substance. We believe that this dialogue between traditional scholarly discrete disciplines on prostitution might open new perspectives on the democracy's assets and enrich the critical inquiry on gender and politics. Our view on this topic tries to debunk essentialist views inherited from the great narratives built up by political philosophy and bring the subject of prostitution to a critical condition, by exposing the discourses that shaped it.

Kenadsa, a peaceable oasis in southwestern Algeria, with the discovery and exploitation of coal (1917-1956), underwent graft of Western models for its development. That has cleared the oasis of the spatial dimension and transformed into a mining village by excellence. These networks of foggaras draining groundwater, enclosed in a multilayer aquifer, which becomes free on the northern border of the Ksar. There were 25 foggaras of sources (Ain), each of which had its own drainage channels to downstream gardens of Ksar. The distribution of water from these sources was ensured by a complex network, fed by drainage galleries that meander the alleys of Ksar and gives place to access points for domestic uses. The right to water is generally private property; one could dispose of according to modes of transmission of a property. It's sharing for irrigation is governed by the volume and time. Currently, only some ten foggaras of sources that are still alive (Ain Sidi Mbarek, Ain Dir, Belkaid Ain, Ain Sheikh ....). These waters are characterized by mediocre quality (pH 7.31, CE: 4.88 ms / cm, RS 2420 mg / l Ca ++: 288.2 mg / l, SO4--: 468 83 mg / l.).

The sacredness of natural resources in the conservation of the environment : the case of the Dida in Côte d'Ivoire

In African traditions, the sacred management of nature constitutes a set of practices facilitating the preservation of biological diversity. Through these sacred traditions, the local communities know how to make sustainable use of natural resources to maintain intrinsic parts of Nature. The study focuses on the Dida from Côte d'Ivoire for whom the sacredness of nature remains an essential factor in the sustainable management of the resources they depend on. However, with the introduction of Western values in Africa, the sacredness of nature is currently dying out little by little. This change has led to deforestation, poaching and conflict in the rural environment. It is within this frame that some researchers have underlined the need to integrate traditional knowledge in the modern policies governing environmental management in Côte d'Ivoire with a view to sustainable development.

Based on French electoral history, the article tends to establish that the traditional apprehension of the notion of political competence exaggerates its autonomy from the other social, cultural or religious matrices which contribute to forging citizens' opinions at the time of the elections. Because it privileges the level of the actors & that of the local communities, because it shares the concern to restore the logics of mobilization & electoral turnout, & thus to find the various familiar forms of politicization of the citizens, the socio-historical approach facilitates the renewal of paradigms able to account for the mechanisms of social production of "political" beliefs. To the paradigm of privileged domination, we associate that of the ' translation ' making it possible to account for politicization in terms of exchanges & cultural transfers. Illustrations. Adapted from the source document.

A New Form of Gathering (A Case Study in Northern Alpes : Les Allues)

Socio-economic change this century in the Northern Alps underlies formal and functional modifications in peasant gathering in the high-altitude commune of Les Allues (Tarentaise, Savoie). A move away from an agro-pastoral subsistence economy and towards a tourism-based moneyed economy has resulted in a radical drop in gathering for traditional alimentary purposes. The new form of gathering which has emerged, while heavily influenced by dominant urban society norms and knowledge, has nevertheless retained several recognizable aspects of the traditional system.

Typology of innovatory experiences as regards the technique of exhibitions.

From a critical analysis of the key idea of «patrimony», in the field, either of traditional culture or of technological and industrial culture, it is our object to underline the dynamic importance of this concept. Museums seem to us privileged places. They make clear, by their works, that an active knowledge of traditional, technological and industrial patrimony can come within the framework of a coherent cultural project, bound to the social and economical field. Jet, museums can only actieve this, if their sole concern is not exhibiting obsolescent technical objects.

Role and place of young people as actors of change in the course of history
Youth means mobility, dynamism and innovation. This representation is opposed in every respect to the traditional principle which is associated to the mere transmission of knowledge and values, therefore to conservatism. However, from a historical point of view, this cliches can be criticized.

Practice of the Law involves the growth of a more and more complex knowledge. This knowledge intends to stand for the deed to which it is faced.
Now we try to show that representing a deed not only legitimates it but also cancels it. Failing to recognize this cancellation leads to put the deed in a system where Law adresses to nothing but Law and where the not represented remains of the deed are subject to expert's knowledge and to the scope of Sociology of Law.
What we attempt to do is to propose an alternative way of holding the deed in the practice of Law - to present it as something actual rather than to represent it - and this, as well from the side of sentence as from the side of offence.
We are then led to consider first, the myth of absolute power with the lose of the deed's oneness, second the care to comeback to the lost oneness in two stages : by rite in traditional society and by knowledge in historic society. This comeback to oneness is finally achieved into the theoretical model of perfect crime.

This article analyses the effects on employee's behaviour of the emergence of professional and technicists in labour law beside the traditional opinion's leaders of the working classes. The first effect of this professionalization is that workers have recourse easier today to labour 's inspection or barrister than to trade union or syndical counsel.
This disqualification, among the employees, of traditional opinion's leaders, is not unconnected with the state interventionism in the source of the labour law. The fashioning, the interpreting and the applying of the labour law escape more and more, in France, from "social partners". One other effect in the manifestation of this "abstract" knowledge of law — abstract because alien and uncontrollable — is the development of a legal imagination that feeds with the worker's fantasms about a society fitted with their aspirations. These hopes and wishes are nursed and fostered by the multiplication and the multiplicity ofthe information services in matter of labour law. Corning from a service going to another, the worker procures and gets finally an inconsistent information about the appropriate rule. Here as in any other domain of the information, the proliferation of the knowledge sources and their competition is driving at last to a progressive disinformation of the general public and a people scepticism about media and news.

The notion of qualification carries much weight within the teaching profession : it is a central issue in labor disputes and union campaigns. The relationship between diplomas and positions is the traditional way of regulating this profession, but new competencies and sources of knowledge have come into being as a result of changes both in school enrollments and in the institution's objectives. As a consequence, pedagogical duties have to be adapted ; and the notion of competency, redefined. Insofar as this notion has become a social issue, the ethical and organizational elements that enter into its definition have become visible.

Knowledge and dissemination of public data in France

The Committee for Administrative Documentation Coordination (CCDA ) which has been installed by a decree of 13 july 1971 takes part in collecting and disseminating public data through its numerous functions : improving documentation work of administrations, controlling and inventorizing the publications of central ministerial departments, field services and national public bodies, supervising the creation of administrative data banks and contributing to the information of the public by building a central information network or an information technology service. Adding to these traditional functions, the CCDA has more specific missions such as the valorisation of non published administrative documents or the evaluation of missions and needs of ministries' libraries.

The inadequacy of traditional instruments of town and country planning (through lack of research and development investments) is obvious. Based on the positivism of the 19th century, these disciplines continue to seek support from principles of separate activities and the possibility of regulatory plans. However, metropoles are systems that are permanently in motion, movements that can lend themselves to mathematical models and planning. 'Perpetual incompletion' should thus be parallel to research in means of intervention and training. The so-called 'explosive' urbanization should not be regarded as incontrollable. Discussed are: the inaccessibility of sites, knowledge and water; developing maritime sites; reconciling urbanization and agriculture; the identity of metropoles and geography. Adapted from the source document.

The inadequacy of traditional instruments of town and country planning (through lack of research and development investments) is obvious. Based on the positivism of the 19th century, these disciplines continue to seek support from principles of separate activities and the possibility of regulatory plans. However, metropoles are systems that are permanently in motion, movements that can lend themselves to mathematical models and planning. 'Perpetual incompletion' should thus be parallel to research in means of intervention and training. The so-called 'explosive' urbanization should not be regarded as incontrollable. Discussed are: the inaccessibility of sites, knowledge and water; developing maritime sites; reconciling urbanization and agriculture; the identity of metropoles and geography. Adapted from the source document.

Justice and Knowledge : Expert Appraisal in the Forming of the Judgement.
Although reduced to a common place in legal parlance, expert witnesses play an important role in the judicial decision-making process. Expert reports provide not only sources of ideas and arguments for the actors in the judicial scene, but help to establish certainties and may be viewed as a resource or a constraint and be decisive in the pronouncement of a judgement. Legal efforts to maintain the dominance of the law are not sufficient to abate the evolution of ways of judging and the grounds of a decision. In this interplay usually regulated by law, rival principles of action endanger the traditional force of law, bringing into question the role and scope of legal settlement.