Suchergebnisse

Demographic changes in Latin America, and especially in Chile, indicate that the population is becoming older: already in 2050, one out of four Latin Americans and one out of three Chileans will be older than 60. Among the elements that contribute to the wellbeing of the elderlies, mobility and accessibility play a fundamental role. Priorities set out for mobility planning and politics should reflect these aspects. Nonetheless, the traditional methods of transport planning in Chile are not able to adequately grasp the forms in which elderlies move and access urban opportunities. We discuss the value of integrating different methods of analysis to better represent the mobility of elderlies. Examining the mobility and accessibility behaviour of seniors in the neighbourhood of San Eugenio, in Santiago de Chile, the paper compares the results of interviews and household travel surveys, observing to what extent these contribute to the description of mobility and accessibility for the examined population. The results show the relevance of qualitative approaches that, at the neighbourhood scale, examine elderlies, considering that these methods detect mobility practices and accessibility patterns difficult to observe with more aggregate forms of analysis. The approach to elderly mobility allowed by qualitative tools allows considering the conditions for their adoption when planning mobility at neighbourhood and municipal scale. ; La evolución demográfica de América Latina, y especialmente Chile, muestra un creciente envejecimiento de la población: ya en el 2050, uno de cada cuatro latinoamericanos y uno de cada tres chilenos tendrán más de 60 años. Entre los elementos que contribuyen al bienestar de las personas mayores, las posibilidades de movilidad y acceso juegan un rol fundamental y debieran entonces constituirse como prioridad en la formulación de planes y políticas de movilidad. Sin embargo, las tradicionales metodologías de la planificación de trasporte no logran capturar adecuadamente las formas en que las ...

Museums have expanded their traditional activity, which is now not limited to their physical facilities. The digitization of collections, together with the use of audiovisual and multimedia resources, does not always have a full consideration in national and international copyright standards. The public, on the other hand, through the widespread use of electronic devices and social networks, expands the scope of museums and the availability of the reproductions of the works. This paper analyses different situations that involve the moral rights and the copyright of the artist in museums activity. Some solutions to the comparative legislation are explained and others are proposed based on the principles of copyright discipline, under the theory that while interests may be opposed, rights must be harmonized. There was also reference to the international negotiations that took place in WIPO to harmonize these rights facing the challenges posed by cross-border uses of the reproductions of the works. ; Los museos han ampliado su tradicional actividad, que ahora no se limita al ámbito físico de sus instalaciones. La digitalización de las colecciones, junto con el uso de medios audiovisuales y multimediales, no siempre tiene cabida en las normas nacionales e internacionales del derecho de autor. El público, por su parte, me­diante el uso generalizado de dispositivos electrónicos y las redes sociales, expande el alcance de los museos y la disponibilidad de reproducciones de las obras. El trabajo analiza distintas situaciones que involucran los derechos morales y patri­moniales de los artistas en la actividad museística. Se recogen algunas soluciones de la legislación comparada y se proponen otras basadas en los principios de la disciplina del derecho de autor, bajo el prisma de la armonización de derechos. También se hace referencia a las negociaciones internacionales que tienen lugar en la OMPI para armonizar estos derechos frente a los desafíos que plantean los usos transfronterizos de las reproducciones.

In tune with the transformations of Postindustrial Capitalism, the management of more cities is reorganized following the lines of urban entrepreneurship; whose unappealable recipes, adopted by local governments in their policies for economic development, have been as follows: strategic planning, the "creative city", and the clusters model. Such is the case with the City of Buenos Aries' Technological District, created with the purpose of stimulating urban renewal through the establishment of Information and Communications Technologies firms (ICTs) in suburbs with a working-class and industrial past. The present work analyzes the recent material changes in land use, and the perceptions of the main social groups involved in the transformations of Parque Patricios neighborhood. The methodology, mixed, combines the analysis of the changes in land use with interviews with public workers, ICTs workers, real estate agents, and traditional residents. The results show an urban renovation that is qualitatively significant, but territorially constrained; an increase in land value; and a tendency towards gentrification in the patterns of usage. These results allow us to relativize the impact of the territorial transformation policies and the social-economical profiling of the new users, questioning the narratives about development that circulate around leading academic and urban management circles. ; En sintonía con las transformaciones del capitalismo postindustrial, la gestión de más ciudades se reorganiza a partir del empresarialismo urbano; cuyas recetas inapelables, adoptadas por gobiernos locales en sus políticas de desarrollo económico, han sido: la planificación estratégica, la "ciudad creativa", y el modelo de clústeres. Este es el caso del Distrito Tecnológico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, creado con la finalidad de estimular la renovación urbana mediante la radicación de empresas de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs) en barrios de pasado obrero e industrial. El presente trabajo analiza los ...

In this study, the researcher employed an inductive qualitative approach to explore the rationale and dimensions of corporate social investment (CSI) practice in South Africa. While the globalised CSI literature is robust, the South African literature is fragmented and insufficient, despite the growing social need for this type of funding in the context of South Africa. Thus, with this paper, the researcher fills this research gap by providing an exploratory analysis of the structure and evolution of CSI practice in South Africa. The motivation behind this research is to use the research to optimise the social impact that CSI participation can provide, as well as integrating corporate funding into the broader approach of addressing the country's poor socioeconomic conditions. In the study, the researcher covered a sample of 15 CSI professions operating in positions in either large South African corporations or established NGOs, with an average CSI experience of 13 years. The results of the inductive qualitative analysis show that the CSI functions operated using a traditional corporate function structure. The history and rationale of CSI practice have been key elements in defining current CSI practice. Initially, governmental regulation resulted in adherence strategies. However, growing social considerations have shifted CSI policy from adherence to impact. This has driven the growing sophistication in CSI practice in the country. The researcher breaks down this evolution and discusses the key strengths and weaknesses of each element to provide sufficient detail to the function. The findings are used to derive recommendations for CSI best practice. Internal commitment, sustainability, process management and key stakeholder relationships are prioritised in these recommendations. The exploratory findings provide a baseline in accordance with which more statistically robust or comprehensive research methods can be used to assess the identified elements of CSI more thoroughly and in more depth. The research provides a generalised benchmark for corporations to assess their CSI practice against an established peer group, while providing ideas about improving their CSI practice going forward.

The live-commenting feature Facebook Live offers a unique look into how persuasion operates online. By giving citizen-users, or the viewertariat (see Anstead & O'Loughlin, 2011), the opportunity to comment on live political performances, Facebook Live presents a worthy site of investigation into how traditionally-powerful performer-persuaders (electoral candidates) now face off with traditionally-excluded masses of audience-persuadees (citizen-users). The livestream then becomes a mediated space of contestation, where the boundaries between persuader-persuadee and performer-audience fades, where, this study proposes, persuadee becomes persuader, rendering, in the process, the traditional persuader less persuasive, and thus less powerful. The study sought to understand how electoral persuasion operates online in Mauritius by using the Facebook livestreamed interviews of three candidates (incumbent, long-time, and first-time candidate) running in the December 2017 By-Election. A combined rhetorical and content analysis was conducted on candidates' representative claims (see Saward, 2006) and the viewertariat responses to these claims. This study finds that candidates employ a self-centred rhetoric, focusing on their 'candidateness' rather than their representativeness, which, this study proposes, has ramifications on how candidates approach politics in contemporary Mauritius. The study also finds that the viewertariat is actively engaged in counter-persuasion, constructing their own (re)representative claims and exchanging primarily with other viewertariat members and lurkers (see Hill & Hughes, 1997). The viewertariat exhibits horizontal persuasion which, this study discusses, dilutes the vertical persuasion employed by candidates. The overall findings lead to the conclusion that rhetoric as a theoretical framework must be extended to adequately capture the persuasive dynamics in online electoral public spheres. A new theoretical framework is finally proposed, with the tripartite distinction between performer-text-audience rearranged to include performer-persuasive text-viewertariat-lurkers, and complemented with an argument as to the growing conceptual obsolescence of the 'audience' in studying rhetoric online.

This research attempts to dismantle the meaning in the Ponogogo Reog symbol by using Javanese tradition studies, both in asthabrata teachings and Javanese cosmogony: keblat papat kelimo pancer. This research is important because not many people understand the meaning contained in the Reog symbols. On the other hand, the Reog symbols are now being reduced by the interests of commercialism so as to eliminate the valuable values in them. This can be seen in the use of Reog symbols which are used as a citybranding media in the city of Ponorogo and performances that come out of the standards Reog tradition. Reog's art has turned into a commodity that is traded to the market. This study uses qualitative methods using a critical paradigm. A paradigm that assesses social reality is not a neutral reality, but is deliberately shaped by and for political, economic, and social interests that are dominated by dominant groups in society by collecting data through observation and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of Javanese culture, specifically about Reog to obtain the meaning of the Reog Ponorogo symbol from Javanese tradition. The results of this study describe the meaning in the Reog symbol and see the development of traditional Javanese art is reduced by market interests. The symbols in Reog Ponorogo have meanings related to lust that exists in humans. Symbolization in Reog's art forms valuable meanings and values in society. in general, Reog Ponorogo is a show that can provide guidance in living life for those who see it or understand it deeply. Reog is no longer an art and culture that requires special rituals in every performance but is commodified into a commercial merchandise. At this stage, Reog's products are adjusted to market demands with market standards as well. Products related to Reog are then mass-produced and even made replicas that resemble Reog.

From 1871 to 1961, the French Navy underwent changes of all kinds which were at the origin of the emergence of a new system of production of naval weapons. This transformation was caused by a continuous need to strengthen the fleet, by successive and rapid technological innovations, and by the triumph of industrial capitalism. From the 3rd to the 5th Republic, the construction of naval weapons therefore passed from industrial practices centered on the traditional arsenals and factories of the Navy, to the command of warships entrusted to private industry. ; De 1871 à 1961, la Marine française connut des mutations de tous ordres qui furent à l'origine de l'émergence d'un nouveau système de production d'armes navales. Cette transformation fut causée par un besoin continu de renforcement de la flotte, par des innovations technologiques successives et rapides et par le triomphe du capitalisme industriel. Elle aboutit à la mise en place d'une superstructure institutionnelle et humaine nouvelle, le complexe militaro-naval, qui fonctionnait avec sa propre logique. De la IIIe à la Ve République, la construction des armes navales passa, donc, de pratiques industrielles centrées sur les traditionnels arsenaux et établissements de la Marine aux commandes de navires de guerre confiées à l'industrie privée. Bénéficiant du concours du Parlement, la Marine arrivait à augmenter continuellement les crédits pour ses achats d'armes. La première guerre mondiale perturba légèrement ce mode de fonctionnement qui reprit ses habitudes à la fin des années 1920. La seconde guerre mondiale le toucha plus durement, notamment par les destructions physiques des usines, mais il accomplit une renaissance dans les années 1950. Les hommes qui étaient aux commandes des administrations et des entreprises concernées ne cessèrent de collaborer durant toute cette période jusqu'à devenir très proches, et rendre le travail encore plus efficace. Cependant, à la fin des années 1950, avec les difficultés chroniques que connaissaient les chantiers privés ...

This historic-critical study analyses the development of ecumenism from 1990 to 2020 within the traditional Afrikaans speaking reformed churches in South Africa. The study attempts to determine whether the so-called change or shift in ecumenism within reformed churches and ecumenical bodies worldwide, influenced the theology and practice of ecumenism in Afrikaans-speaking churches in South Africa (1990 to 2020). Afrikaans-speaking reformed churches not only face political and social challenges in South Africa, but also face other major challenges brought about by a postmodern society and theological developments from 1990 to 2020. The development of ecumenism in reformed churches in the world, as described by Plaatjies-Van Huffel (2011:1–11) consists of a shift from conciliar ecumenism to transformative receptive ecumenism. In the past 30 years conciliar ecumenism took its stance in absolute certainties derived from a specific viewpoint on Scripture. Conciliar ecumenism partially failed because some reformed churches excluded other reformed churches from church unity, based on a particular interpretation of Scripture. These exclusions were claimed to be based upon the "authority" derived from Scripture. This ecumenical practice did not lead to significant church unity. The transformative receptive ecumenism, on the other hand, tends to reach out to the marginalised people of God, and not only try to transform the unrighteousness in the lives of people, but also tends to learn from and accommodate the needy in the understanding of ecumenism. If the developments in worldwide ecumenism influenced ecumenical thought among reformed Afrikaans-speaking churches, the question arises: to what extent was transformative receptive ecumenism able to contribute to a better understanding of ecumenism and church unity – especially in the development of an African transformative receptive ecumenism. Also, if a shift in ecumenical practise took place, does that mean that the conciliar ecumenism of the past was of minimal ...

In Colombia it is traditional that discussions about tax reforms indicate that corporate taxation is so burdensome that it drives away the investment and slows down economic growth, which is why preferential tax treatments or tax cuts are promoted. This is, in fact, what is behind the most recent tax reform in Colombia, which was named as the Financing Law in 2018, but this research shows two facts. The first one is that the effective rate of Corporate Income Tax is not as high as it is stressed in Colombia by the media, economic unions and many politicians, for which we take into account tax reporting data provided by the Colombian tax administration office (DIAN) for 2016. The second issue is related to the generally accepted hypothesis that taxation discourages investment, which is denied through a data panel analysis across 109 countries (including Colombia) and the period 2006-2015. ; En Colombia es tradicional que cuando se trata de emprender reformas tributarias, se indique también la necesidad de promover la inversión y el crecimiento económico, de modo que se recurre a fórmulas como la reducción de las alícuotas del impuesto sobre la renta empresarial (ISRE) y la creación de beneficios tributarios. Este trabajo revisa los postulados tras la reforma tributaria de 2018 en Colombia, conocida como Ley de Financiamiento, para mostrar, primero, que la tasa efectiva asociada al ISRE no es muy alta, para lo cual se consideran los datos agregados de las declaraciones tributarias de la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales para el año 2016. En segundo lugar, y a través de un ejercicio econométrico basado en un panel de datos que incluye observaciones para 109 países (dada la insuficiencia de datos para considerar solo a Colombia) durante el periodo 2006-2015, se establece que estadísticamente no hay evidencia de una relación entre impuestos corporativos e inversión.

[EN] Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a widely used, minimally invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy that allows visualisation of the entire small intestine. Patient preparation can help to obtain a cleaner intestine and thus better visibility in the resulting videos. However, studies on the most effective preparation method are conflicting due to the absence of objective, automatic cleanliness evaluation methods. In this work, we aim to provide such a method capable of presenting results on an intuitive scale, with a relatively light-weight novel convolutional neural network architecture at its core. We trained our model using 5-fold cross-validation on an extensive data set of over 50,000 image patches, collected from 35 different CE procedures, and compared it with state-of-the-art classification methods. From the patch classification results, we developed a method to automatically estimate pixel-level probabilities and deduce cleanliness evaluation scores through automatically learnt thresholds. We then validated our method in a clinical setting on 30 newly collected CE videos, comparing the resulting scores to those independently assigned by human specialists. We obtained the highest classification accuracy for the proposed method (95.23%), with significantly lower average prediction times than for the second-best method. In the validation of our method, we found acceptable agreement with two human specialists compared to interhuman agreement, showing its validity as an objective evaluation method. ; This work was funded by the European Union's H2020: MSCA: ITN program for the "Wireless In-body Environment Communication - WiBEC" project under the grant agreement no. 675353. Additionally, we gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan V GPU used for this research. Figures 2 and 3 were drawn by the authors. ; Noorda, R.; Nevárez, A.; Colomer, A.; Pons Beltrán, V.; Naranjo Ornedo, V. (2020). Automatic evaluation of degree of cleanliness in capsule endoscopy based on ...

[EN] Reinforced concrete elements frequently suffer small cracks that are not relevant from the mechanical point of view, but they can be an entrance point for aggressive agents, such as oxygen, which could initiate the degradation processes. Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and especially Ultra High Performance Concrete increase the multi-cracking behavior, reducing the crack width and spacing. In this work, the oxygen availability of three types of concrete was compared at similar strain levels to evaluate the benefit of multi-cracking in the transport of oxygen. The types of concrete studied include traditional, High-Performance, and Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with and without nanofibers. To this purpose, reinforced concrete beams sized 150 x 100 x 750 mm(3) were prepared with embedded stainless steel sensors that were located at three heights, which have also been validated through this work. These beams were pre-cracked in bending up to fixed strain levels. The results indicate that the sensors used were able to detect oxygen availability due to the presence of cracks and the detected differences between the studied concretes. Ultra High Performance Concrete in the cracked state displayed lower oxygen availability than the uncracked High Performance Concrete, demonstrating its potential higher durability, even when working in cracked state, thanks to the increased multi-cracking response. ; The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723), to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando (FPI-UPV-2018), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 ReSHEALience project (Grant Agreement No. 760824). ; Martínez-Ibernón, A.; Roig-Flores, M.; Lliso-Ferrando, JR.; Mezquida-Alcaraz, EJ.; Valcuende Payá, MO.; Serna Ros, P. (2020). Influence of cracking on oxygen transport in UHPFRC using stainless steel sensors. ...

[ES] La desigualdad de ingresos es uno de los mayores desafíos de nuestras sociedades y uno de los temas principales de la agenda política reciente (Pickett y Wilkinson, 2015: 132), especialmente desde el colapso financiero global. Como Mike Savage (2016) afirma, ¿la desigualdad está en todas partes, en las representaciones que los medios hacen de la realidad, así como en nuestra vida social diaria o en las redes sociales¿. Las redes sociales tienen el potencial de facilitar una democracia más participativa y un valor disruptivo para desafiar los intereses tradicionales y los modos de poder comunicativo (Loader y Mercea, 2011). Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es describir cómo se crea la opinión pública en relación con el concepto de desigualdad de ingresos en Twitter. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, tras haber realizado un análisis cuantitativo en trabajos previos, proponemos explorar el cualitativo a través de la recolección de 102.082 tuits en 2018 sobre el concepto de desigualdad de ingresos. ; [EN] The income inequality is one of the major challenges of our societies and one of the main topics on the recent political agenda (Pickett & Wilkinson, 2015: 132), especially since the global financial collapse. As Mike Savage (2016) affirms, ¿inequality is everywhere: in the representations that the media makes of reality, as well as in our daily social life or in social networks¿. Paying attention to digitally mediated conversation, the research will focus on Twitter as a digital platform and social network used for set the topic in the digital public sphere. Social media have the potential to facilitate more participative democracy and a disruptive value for challenging traditional interests and modes of communicative power (Loader & Mercea, 2011). Thus, we focus on identifying how public opinion is created in relation to the concept of income inequality in social networks as Twitter. From a methodological point of view, we propose an analysis of the tweets published by different users on Twitter ...

As the part of Russian Empire, Ukraine was in the Russian legal field. When in 1785 the new «Remeslennoe polozhenie» was implemented, it had significant impact on the Ukrainian craft guilds. «Remeslennoe polozhenie» was meant to regulate life of craft guilds on different levels. Although Russia's guild legislation was based on Western European laws, it made significant changes in organization and functioning of the guilds on the Northern Left Bank Ukraine. «Remeslennoe polozhenie» introduced a unified model of craft guild, detailed it's rights and duties. Some of the norms of «Remeslennoe polozhenie» repeated old traditional and well established laws, only generalizing local differences in functioning of the guilds. According to the new legislation guild Council completely controlled lives of the guilds. Council supervised work of the masters, established salary and regulated relations between masters, apprentices and students. Guilds were obliged to do charity work: help orphans, church, financially support poor and sick guild members of the guild. For example, guilds found doctors and bought meds for the sick craftsmen. According to the «Remeslennoe polozhenie» only craftsmen of one type could form a guild. But the guild could be formed by not less than five craftsmen of one town. First of all new law changed and regulated relations between main social groups in the guilds. The strict terms of studying for students and apprentices were established. The certificate, which was received after the completion of the study and successfully passing an exam, gave the right to practice chosen craft in any guild of the country. The new legislation also created strict moral code for the students and masters. Guild members were supposed to work six days a week, from six to six with two breaks. «Remeslennoe polozhenie» also regulated relations between town administration and guilds. «Remeslennoe polozhenie» was supposed to be read every four month, so that all guild members knew it. Also, «Remeslennoe polozhenie» of 1785 ...

The object of research is the humanitarian context of offset policy, which is studied using the collection of evidence in the field of study-in the defense industry of Europe. One of the most problematic places in the sphere of trade in military goods is the humanitarian factor of economic relations, namely the influence of non-economic factors on the economic effect. The humanitarian aspect of economic relations led to a study of the foundations of the so-called «humanitarian economy» or «humanomics» as a moral and ethical category of economic relations, and military-technical cooperation, as a purely rational category of relations between producers, suppliers and importers of military products. The concept of «humanomics» is formed not so long ago, therefore this topic is not sufficiently disclosed in the literature, making research promising. During the study, the key concepts of the traditional and humanitarian economics, their dialectic unity, interpenetration and interconnection were revealed. In addition to studying the impact of compensation transactions on business processes in small and medium-sized enterprises, a special business model, the so-called compensation transaction model, is developed in this research. The model is based on a three-stage systematic approach: at the first stage, problems associated with compensation agreements at small and medium enterprises are identified, and at the second stage, empirical data are analyzed. At the latter, a theoretical model is proposed that is specially developed for practicing specialists and is tested using practically two specific cases. Thanks to the use of the proposed model, it is possible to support the implementation of compensation agreements at all levels of management, including planning, implementation of tasks and control. For the military-trade cooperation of Ukraine with other weapons-importing countries, offset models will contribute to deepening economic cooperation in the competition on the global arms and military equipment markets. ...

This position paper recognises and investigates a gap between two fields of research and practice dealing with innovation in public policy: data for policy and design for policy. These fields act within government and the public sector, but with a different focus. On the one hand, data for policy deals with the use of non-traditional digital data sources for policy-making (as administrative or citizens-generated data) and emergent organisational practices connected to these data (e.g., data collaboratives). On the other hand, design for policy inquiries the adoption of design approaches, methods and tools in policy-making and public services development. The difference in focus explains the current gap between the two fields and implies different approaches toward policy innovation. This paper advances an argument in favour of explicitly and systematically connecting these fields. To do so, I propose three areas of convergences by looking at experiences in the data for policy field. In these areas, I look at the value of this integration through the lens of policy innovation, intended as innovative ways of learning about policy-related matters that can influence the design of policies. The perspective offered is directed to scholars and practitioners in both fields and hopes to sparkle a fruitful discussion on innovative policy epistemologies needed to address the contemporary complexity of policy problems. In the paper, I first contextualise my reasoning line by reviewing the concept of public sector innovation (PSI). Then I consider different disciplinary perspectives about one particular subset of PSI: policy innovation. Starting from these authors, I propose to see policy innovation as innovative ways of learning about policy-related matters that can influence the design of policies. I hypothesise three potential areas of convergence between data for policy and design for policy by holding this perspective. To support them, I will draw on illustrative examples found through a systematic review of articles ...