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Water has often been the source of crises and their frequency will intensify due to climate change impacts. The Niagara River Watershed provides an ideal case to study water crises as it is an international transboundary system (Canada-United States) and has both historical and current challenges associated with water quantity and quality, which resonates broadly in water basins throughout the world. The aim of this study was to understand how stakeholders perceive ecosystems and the relationship with preferences for governance approaches in the context of water governance. An online survey instrument was employed to assess perceptions of the system in terms of resilience (engineering, ecological, social-ecological, or epistemic), preferences for governance approaches (state, citizen, market, and hybrid forms), and the most pressing issues in the watershed. Responses showed that, despite demographic differences and adherence to different resilience perspectives, support was strongest for governance approaches that focused on state or state-citizen hybrid forms. The validity of the resilience typology as a grouping variable is discussed. The roles of institutional constraints, pragmatism in governance approach preferences, and the influence of multiple crises are explored in relation to the context of the study site, as well as to water governance scholarship more broadly. ; Funding for this work, as part of the Climate Change Adaptation and Water Governance (CADWAGO) project, from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, the Volkswagen Stiftung and Compagnia di San Paolo through the Europe and Global Challenges programme. ; https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/6/224

Increased use of water for hydropower and agriculture, due to population growth accounts for future water shortages that will affect a quarter of South Asia's population by 2050. Water crises affect all member-nations of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC nations water needs exacerbate the water crisis on the one hand and lack of mechanisms for good governance and cooperation required for addressing issues related to food and water security within the region. This paper attempts to draw attention to the big picture regarding water resources management and the impacts of water scarcity on South Asian nations. The paper begins with a review of the water crises in each of the SAARC nations and follows on with consideration of perceptions towards transboundary river infrastructures and the political stances each nation takes about solutions for the continuing water crisis. Undoubtedly, the only mechanism that these nations can adapt to address the geopolitical challenges of a thirsty world, for which SAARC association provides the platform is a deliberate constructive solution centred dialogue. A range of recommendations for SAARC nations are reviewed with a view to assist the water thirst in these nations.

The paper examines the ways in which environmental threats are socially constructed, and the implications of such environmental securitisation. Specifically, the paper focuses on the issue of river development and water allocation between states of international transboundary river basins. Building on recent studies that attempt to refine securitisation theory of the Copenhagen School and applying hydropolitical power analysis, the paper takes a sociological understanding of the securitisation of shared waters. Using the case study of the Tanakpur Barrage project on the Mahakali River between Nepal and India in the Ganges River basin, it is shown how securitisation discourse framed the shared river as a threat that posed detrimental flooding to both territories. It is argued that the Indian government effectively utilised its technical and institutional expertise to frame the discourse. Hydropolitical power analysis helps explain how compliance to the project agreement-- a necessary measure to avert hydrological crisis, as argued by the Indian government-- was gained from the Nepali government. The implications of securitising shared rivers on water resources management and basin-wide governance are discussed.

A number of high profile crises and disasters have driven the EU to increase cooperation among its member states in the area of civil protection and to enhance its capacity to conduct civil protection operations in Europe and around the world. However, in the light of recent transboundary crises in the EU, manifested by the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, it is far from clear how effective such cooperative EU arrangements can be due to differences in the way national civil protection has been organized and due to the question of whether sufficient trust exists within and between the involved organizations. In this article, drawing from a unique study of civil protection agencies in 17 EU member states, and utilizing theories on crisis management, public administration and trust, we shed light on the factors that promote national and EU-level effectiveness in civil protection and crisis management.

Europe has become increasingly vulnerable to transboundary crises and disasters. These crises propagate across the EU's complex systems and tightly integrated infrastructures and pose immense challenges to Member State authorities, which are forced to collaborate across regional and national borders, and across policy and system boundaries. Planning and preparedness for these large-scale disasters and complex crises are thus essential. This requires an intelligent, multi-faceted, systematic and coordinated approach, which is to be supported by state of the art technologies through the identification of all the core tasks and factors (decision making, coordination, communication, etc.), that facilitate a crisis response. IN-PREP aims to develop an integrated programme, capitalising on integrating novel technology tools to support transboundary preparedness activities and to interlink a wide range of stakeholders for a truly transboundary and collaborative response. IN-PREP helps to improve transboundary response planning, offering a novel and holistic approach that makes extensive use of situation awareness, decision support, scenario–building, vulnerability assessment and inter-coordination capabilities. This report presents a description of the IN-PREP End User Workshop #1 held in Leiden, the Netherlands, on the 23rd and 24th of November 2017, and of the End User Workshop #2 held in Berlin, Germany, on the 21st and 22nd of February 2018. These workshops were dedicated to identifying the End User Requirements (EURs), which will be reflected in D2.6, entitled "User Requirements". The latter will remain a living document as it will be updated throughout the project and will form the base for the definition of IN-PREP technical specifications. The first workshop focused mainly on early identification of End User Requirements. The main outcome was the identification of the six steps to be taken in training and response planning through the integrated platform. All the feedback obtained from the first workshop was discussed and validated in Workshop #2 towards the refinement of the end user requirements and the consolidation of the final version. Additionally, the second workshop was used for ethics and privacy impact assessment discussion, and for developing a set of risk criteria against which to assess, analyse, map and therefore minimise and avoid project risks.

Palm oil, a major commodity crop in the region, is likely to be phased out in the EU by 2030. Given the potential regional and transboundary implications, a Singaporecentric perspective can be helpful.

At the 19th Sub-Regional Ministerial Steering Committee on Transboundary Haze Pollution in Kuala Lumpur this week, ASEAN reiterated its commitment to a haze-free region by 2020. Could a long-term solution to preventing forest fires in Southeast Asia lie in alternative commodities that can grow in wet peatlands?

DOI:10.17336/igusbd.305639 ; 26 Nisan 1986'da Çernobil nükleer enerji santralinde meydana gelen kaza sonucunda oluşan nükleer serpinti, aralarında Türkiye'nin de bulunduğu pek çok ülkeyi etkilemiştir. Sonuçları itibariyle çevresel problemlerin sınır aşan niteliğini gösteren bir örnek olan Çernobil kazası, ağırlıklı olarak insan sağlığı ve çevreyle ilgili problemlere yol açmıştır. Ekonomik ve dış politikaya dair yansımalarıyla birlikte uluslararası bir sorun halini alan bu kaza, kısa sürede siyasi bir krize dönüşmüştür. Kazanın öğrenilmesinden sonra etki altında kalan ülkelerin birbirinden farklı acil durum ve kriz yönetimi süreçleri söz konusu olmuştur. Bu makale, söz konusu krizde Türkiye'nin tutumunu, acil durum ve kriz yönetim süreçlerini ve kazanın Türk dış politikasına yansımalarını analiz etmektedir. ; Many countries including Turkey were affected by the nuclear accident that took place at the the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. Regarding its consequences, Chernobyl accident, which was an example of the transboundary nature of environmental problems, have mainly caused human health and environmental problems. This accident, which became an international problem with its economic and foreign policy reflections, soon turned into a political crisis. After learning the accident, the affected countries went through different emergency and crisis management processes. This article analizes Turkey's attitude, emergency and crisis management processes, and the reflections of this accident on Turkish foreign policy.

The mismanagement of plastic materials has grown to become a mounting global pollution concern that is closely implicated in unsustainable production and consumption paradigms. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of plastic waste mismanagement are currently transboundary in nature and have necessitated numerous methods of government intervention in order to address and mitigate the globalized and multifaceted dilemmas posed by high rates and volumes of plastic waste generation. This review examines the current landscape of a plastics economy which has operated with a linear momentum, employing large quantities of primary resources and disincentivizing the functioning of a robust recycling market for collecting plastic waste and reintegrating it into the consumer market. This contextualizes an increasing plastic pollution crisis that has required global efforts to address and mitigate the ecological risks and socio-economic challenges of mismanaged plastic waste. A timeline of government interventions regarding plastic pollution is described, including numerous international, regional, and local actions to combat plastic waste, and this is followed by an examination of the relevance of the extended producer responsibility principle to improve plastic waste management and obligate industry to assume responsibility in waste collection and recycling.

Afghanistan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change: rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns and increasingly frequent extreme weather events. Currently, Afghanistan is experiencing its worst drought in 27 years, which, compounded with COVID-19 and the economic contraction that followed the takeover of the government by the Taliban in August 2021, has significantly increased livelihood and food insecurity and contributed to a growing humanitarian emergency. Climate change exacerbates the deteriorating conditions for agriculture-based livelihoods and food insecurity. Conflict and the effects of climate change have increased internal displacement and changed migration patterns. High levels of displacement accentuate food and livelihood insecurity and increase the vulnerability of marginalised groups, including women. The effects of climate change may heighten the risk of more frequent and intense local conflicts over land and water and increase tensions over transboundary resources. Conflict has eroded the resilience of communities and local authorities to adapt to climate change and to deal with the current humanitarian crisis. This creates opportunities for elites to manipulate and profit from land and water disputes, with elevated risks for marginalised groups. ; Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Afghanistan ; publishedVersion

Plastic pollution waste has become one of the world crisis that moves transboundary. Once at sea, plastic waste breaks down into small particles, so-called, microplastics are spread the marine ecosystems. It threatens human health and has harmful economic consequences for the marine sector. Indonesia is the second-largest contributor to the abundance of plastic waste in the ocean which in the same time as an archipelago country which rich in marine products. Indonesia is taking proactive steps as the responsible act for overcoming challenge of marine plastic pollution. So, the maritime environment resilience can be realized through a collaborative governance approach. This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting data from interviews, webinars and literature studies. The results of the study indicate that a collaborative governance approach is crucial to address marine plastic pollution by involving collaborating action from multi-stakeholders, government and non-government actors. Plastic pollution waste could be accomplished by strengthening the role and responsibility of each actor. In the process of collaboration, there are some dialogues, trust between the collaborating actors, commitment to the process of collaboration, shared understanding towards the common idea or goals, and intermediate outcome of collaboration between stakeholders in marine plastic waste management.

With the recent refugee 'crisis', the liability for refugee-generating once again becomes a matter of concern in international law. When situations in a few countries are generating the majority of the global refugee population, it is pertinent to ask 'who are generating refugees in these countries,' 'do they bear liability of any kind under international law for generating refugees,' and 'if yes, are there legal mechanisms in place to enforce the liability.' This paper aims to address these questions. Despite scholarly endeavors dated back to as early as 1939, positive international law in its current shape still seems unable to establish the liability of refugee-generating entities. No treaty spells out such liability, and it seems hard to argue that such liability exists in customary international law. This highlights a normative lacuna in the intersection between International Refugee Law and the Law of International Responsibility, as neither the framework of State responsibility nor that of transboundary harm can be applied seamlessly to refugee-generating situations. To address this normative lacuna, this paper argues for a new way to establish international liability of refugee-generating entities based on Louis Henkin's theory of 'constitutional international law'. After defining 'refugee-generating entities' by reference to Article 1(A)(2) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, this paper envisions possible mechanisms under domestic and international law to enforce the liability of refugee-generating entities and appraisals their practicality and desirability.

Water is essential for all life on earth and is a key prerequisite for attaining many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Many countries, however, suffer from physical water scarcity, a lack of access to a safe water supply and sanitation, water pollution or hydrological extremes (droughts and floods) due to climate change. The generality and severity of water problems lead many to speak of a global water crisis. While this crisis mostly manifests at the local or in some cases transboundary level, two global issues are often overlooked. First, global trends such as climate change and the spread of water-intensive consumption and trade patterns are key triggers that cannot be addressed at the local level alone. Second, the aggregation of local or regional water problems may add up to a universal threat to sustainable development. In the face of current challenges, (fresh) water should be conceptualised as a global common good, and global water governance should contribute to improving its protection. This study reveals that the current global water governance architecture is a highly fragmented and incoherent regime consisting of numerous norms, paradigms and actors, each covering single aspects of global water governance. Given the diversity of issues, a "classical" formation of one comprehensive international water regime in the form of a framework convention, and equipped with a specific global governance institution (such as for climate stability, biological diversity or the prevention of desertification) has so far not emerged. The authors suggest a global water governance regime that could evolve from the improved interplay of the existing elements of global water governance (i.e. norms, targets, paradigms and actors). This could be complemented by two innovations at UN level: installing an Intergovernmental Body on Water allowing for mandated decisions on water in the UN system, and a Scientific and Practice Panel on Water improving the science-policy interface. Such an approach that combines global norms and joint guidelines to be adapted to local contexts and needs may be able to increase urgently needed political support for governing water as a global commons, beyond the nation-state interests and their perception of water resources as sovereign goods.

Access to water is a critical aspect of human survival; we have seen an increased tension over transboundary water over the years. In the northeast of Africa, the Nile River is among the most vital source of water and a source of conflict among three of its major riparian countries (Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia). For downstream states (Egypt and Sudan), the river serves as a lifeline, but for upstream states (rest of equatorial states), it provides an opportunity for economic growth. Historically Egypt has been the regional hydro-hegemon in the Nile Basin through historical treaties and agreements. However, the independence of Nile Basin countries in the mid-1900s has allowed upstream states to reassert their rights and establish equal control and benefits from the Nile River. International efforts to establish a legal structure since the 1900s was unsuccessful and has done little to convince downstream countries to agree on any legal framework. While no direct military confrontation between any of the beneficiaries of the Nile River has occurred, studies have predicted that the recent disputes between Ethiopia and Egypt over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is likely to lead to armed conflict. This study explores the trilateral disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam involving Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan by examining the following research question: Under what conditions can Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan work to resolve their disputes over the Nile River in the absence of legal framework? The study suggests that while there is a possibility of direct arm conflict, it is unlikely that it will occur because any military confrontation between any of these states will result in a costly regional crisis and will supersede peace resolution of the ongoing disputes.

The article considers the ecological and economic component as a prerequisite for the sustainable development of regions and the country as a whole, which is one of the most resonant issues of the programs of international environmental forums, an integral part of the economic policy of regional entities. Due to the increase in the population of the planet, the aggravation of the food crisis, the achievement of the goals of natural and economic development is a prerequisite for maintaining stability in the global space. The growth of the tendencies of regionalization of economic relations requires an expansion of the spectrum of state governance instruments that would lay the institutional preconditions for the transformation of regional economies towards the achievement of identified indicators of sustainable development of regions.The ecological and economic situation in Ukraine has its territorial differences both in terms of the nature and severity of the problems, and the possibilities of their practical solution. This implies the objective need for regional differentiation of government management decisions and practical actions aimed at stabilizing and improving the environmental and economic situation. Significant difficulties arise in ensuring the balanced development of transboundary regions, which, in conditions of strengthening integration processes, are most vulnerable to excessive expansion of transnational business entities and unwarranted import of market economy institutions.The basic provisions of the theory of the ecological and economic component in the state management of the natural and economic potential of the regions are formulated. The methodical approaches to determining the level of ecological and economic security of the regions, directions of development of the mechanism of state management of environmental activity at the regional level are determined. Applied tools for the implementation of state management of ecological and economic development of regions have been developed. ; В ...