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There is no one way to be transgender. Transgender and gender non-conforming people have many different ways of understanding their gender identities. Only recently have sex and gender been thought of as separate concepts, and we have learned that sex (traditionally thought of as physical or biological) is as variable as gender (traditionally thought of as social). While trans people share many common experiences, there is immense diversity within trans communities. There are an estimated 700,000 transgendered individuals in the US and 15 million worldwide. Even still, there's been a notable l

Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Gender on the Edge: Identities, Politics, Transformations -- Part I Historical Transformations -- Chapter 2 Queer History and Its Discontents at Tahiti: The Contested Politics of Modernity and Sexual Subjectivity -- Chapter 3 "Hollywood" and the Emergence of a Fa'afafine Social Movement in Samoa, 1960-1980 -- Chapter 4 Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialization, and Gender Identity in Samoa -- Part II Performing Gender -- Chapter 5 Living as and Living with Māhū and Raerae: Geopolitics, Sex, and Gender in the Society Islands -- Chapter 6 Transgender in Samoa: The Cultural Production of Gender Inequality -- Chapter 7 Re-Visioning Family: Māhūwahine and Male-to-Female Transgender in Contemporary Hawai'i -- Chapter 8 Men Trapped in Women's Clothing: Homosexuality, Cross-Dressing, and Masculinity in Fiji -- Chapter 9 Two Sea Turtles: Intimacy between Men in the Marshall Islands -- Part III Politics of the Global -- Chapter 10 The Fokisi and the Fakaleitī: Provocative Performances in Tonga -- Chapter 11 Televisual Transgender: Hybridizing the Mainstream in Pasifika New Zealand -- Chapter 12 Same Sex, Different Armies: Sexual Minority Invisibility among Fijians in the Fiji Military Forces and British Army -- Chapter 13 In Sickness and in Health: Evolving Trends in Gay Rights Advocacy in Fiji -- Chapter 14 On the Edge of Understanding: Non-Heteronormative Sexuality in Papua New Guinea -- Chapter 15 Outwith the Law in Samoa and Tonga -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.

Introduction to transgender rights and politics / Jami K. Taylor and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Framing in the united states and abroad -- Issue framing and transgender politics : an examination of interest group websites and media coverage / Barry L. Tadlock -- Transgender policy in latin american countries : an overview and comparative perspective on framing / Jacob R. Longaker and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Advocacy and interest groups -- Interest groups and transgender politics : opportunities and challenges / Anthony J. Nownes -- The advocacy coalition framework and transgender inclusion in lgbt rights activism / Jami K. Taylor and Daniel C. Lewis -- The diffusion and implementation of transgender-inclusive nondiscrimination policy -- Transgender-inclusive ordinances in cities : form of government, local politics, and vertical influences / Jami K. Taylor, Barry L. Tadlock, Sarah J. Poggione, and Brian DiSarro -- Is transgender policy different? : policy complexity, policy diffusion, andLGBT nondiscrimination law / Daniel C. Lewis, Jami K. Taylor, Brian DiSarro, and Matthew L. Jacobsmeier -- Executive expansion of transgender rights : electoral incentives to issue or revoke executive orders / Mitchell D. Sellers -- Policy learning, language, and implementation by local governments with transgender-inclusive nondiscrimination policies / Mitchell D. Sellers and Roddrick Colvin -- Beyond nondiscrimination policy -- Key issues in transgender health care policy and practice / Ryan Combs -- Birth certificate amendment laws and morality politics / Jami K. Taylor, Barry L. Tadlock, and Sarah J. Poggione -- Conclusion and future directions in transgender politics and policy / Jami K. Taylor and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Contributors -- Index

Transgender identities and other forms of gender and sexuality that transcend the normative pose important questions about society, culture, politics, and history. They force us to question, for example, the forces that divide humanity into two gender categories and render them necessary, inevitable, and natural. The transgender also exposes a host of dynamics that, at first glance, have little to do with gender or sex, such as processes of power and domination; the complex relationship among agency, subjectivity, and structure; and the mutual constitution of the global and the local. Particularly intriguing is the fact that gender and sexual diversity appear to be more prevalent in some regions of the world than in others. This edited volume is an exploration of the ways in which non-normative gendering and sexuality in one such region, the Pacific Islands, are implicated in a wide range of socio-cultural dynamics that are at once local and global, historical, and contemporary. The authors recognize that different social configurations, cultural contexts, and historical trajectories generate diverse ways of being transgender across the societies of the region, but they also acknowledge that these differences are overlaid with commonalities and predictabilities. Rather than focus on the definition of identities, they engage with the fact that identities do things, that they are performed in everyday life, that they are transformed through events and movements, and that they are constantly negotiated. By addressing the complexities of these questions over time and space, this work provides a model for future endeavors that seek to embed dynamics of gender and sexuality in a broad field of theoretical import.

This book addresses policy research on homophobic and transphobic bullying in schools. It covers quantitative and qualitative research into policy impacts for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex students. It draws on a large-scale Australian study of the impacts of different kinds of policy at the national, state, sector and school level. The study covers over 80 policies, interviews with key policy informants and survey data from 3,134 GLBTIQ students. Since new guidelines were released by UNESCO, homophobic and transphobic bullying in schools has become a key area of interest around the world. There has been much pressure on educational leadership to engage with these issues since the UN released international human rights legislation on sexual orientation and gender identity that have implications for student rights. The book presents statistically significant correlations between specific types of state and school level education policies that explicitly named homophobia/ GLBTIQ student issues, and lowered incidence of homophobic bullying, lowered risk of suicide and self-harm for these students. It includes stories from policy makers on how the policies came to be (through lawsuits, ministerial inquiries and political activism), right through to the stories of students themselves and how they individually felt the impacts of policies or policy lacks. International contexts of homophobic and transphobic bullying are discussed, as well as recent transnational work in this field. The book considers the different types of collaborations that can lead to further policy development, the transferability of the research and some of the benefits and problems with transnational policy adoptions.

Transgender people face an uncertain legal climate, and efforts to include gender identity in policies have been met with both successes and failures. These policies are often developed in the legislative process, which directly involve public opinion. To date, there is only one study analyzing American public attitudes toward transgender people. This research gap makes it unclear whether people in general understand what transgender means and whether public support for transgender rights depends on understanding and knowing transgender people. Since the population of transgender people is estimated to be smaller than that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, examining whether and how having a friend or family member who is lesbian or gay relates to transgender rights is important to understand political coalitions and attitude change. This study examines public attitudes about transgender rights in the USA. It finds that as respondents report being more informed about transgender people they tend to have more supportive attitudes. Interpersonal contact with someone who is lesbian or gay also leads to a secondary transfer of positive attitudes. About half of the secondary transfer effect operates through a mechanism of attitude generalization: contact positively affects the opinions people have on gay rights that then broaden to affect attitudes on transgender rights. Demographic characteristics also indicate that predictors of transgender attitudes are similar to previous studies regarding attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Further survey efforts need to consider inquiring about transgender rights and attitudes, as this remains a research gap in need of scholarly understanding.

Transgender individuals are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, yet many do not seek, or receive, adequate support following unwanted sexual experiences. This study explores the needs and experiences of transgender survivors when accessing sexual violence support services. The study examines the barriers that transgender survivors may face in accessing services and ways that organisations can reduce these barriers. Our findings provide valuable insights for sexual violence agencies and other providers about how to engage meaningfully with transgender survivors.