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The possibility of individuals procreating post-transition has long stalked debates on transgender rights. In 1972, Sweden became the first European jurisdiction to formally acknowledge preferred gender. Under the original Swedish law, applicants for gender recognition were explicitly required to prove an incapacity to reproduce—either through natural infertility or through a positive act of sterilisation. Across the Council of Europe, 20 countries continue to enforce a sterilisation requirement. When considering reforms to their current gender recognition rules as recently as 2015, the Polish executive and the Finnish legislature both rejected proposals to remove mandatory infertility provisions. This article critiques the rationales for transgender sterilisation in Europe. It places transgender reproduction, and non-traditional procreation, in the wider context of European equality and family law. Adopting a highly inter-disciplinary framework, the article explores legal, social, medical, and moral arguments in favour of sterilisation, and exposes the weak intellectual and evidential basis for the current national laws. The article ultimately proposes a new departure for Europe's attitude towards transgender parenting, and argues that sterilisation should not be a pre-condition for legal recognition.

This article proposes the use of transgender theory within medieval studies as both a productive and a politically significant optic. The article employs transgender theory to effect a new reading of the miraculous transformation of the character of Blanchandin/e, in the fourteenth-century French chanson de geste, Tristan de Nanteuil, from female to male. First, the often-overlooked importance of Judith Butler's analysis of sex and gender for the understanding of transgender and non-normatively-gendered identities is addressed. Next, using theoretical work by Deleuze, and by Deleuze and Guattari, the article demonstrates how the rhizomatic and folding structures that a transgender reading of Blanchandin/e's transformation brings to light cohere with the series of rhizomes and folds which structure the genealogical logic of the text as a whole. The family tree of Tristan de Nanteuil is shown to answer to queer, rhizomatic, and folding imperatives. In this way, the article demonstrates that the text's transgender genealogy contradicts the anti-generative model of queerness proposed by queer theory's antisocial turn.

Transgender community in India has been a subject of systematic discrimination for centuries and because of this discrimination, the access to right to health of the community has been in a chokehold. The Supreme Court through its judgment in NALSA paved the way for progressive and affirmative rights for the community and there were a lot of expectations from the Transgender person Act, 2019 but the Act has simply failed to deliver. Especially in the healthcare front, the policies in India have been inadequate to say the least. This article explores how in India there is no systematic right to health and hence, it is essential that there must be a law that confers it and in case of the transgender persons, this legislative intervention becomes imperative. Another facet of this article is the possible justifications for the State to provide gender affirmative healthcare services. I build upon the already existing principles such as autonomy and medical necessity.

This article proposes the use of transgender theory within medieval studies as both a productive and a politically significant optic. The article employs transgender theory to effect a new reading of the miraculous transformation of the character of Blanchandin/e, in the fourteenth-century French chanson de geste, Tristan de Nanteuil, from female to male. First, the often-overlooked importance of Judith Butler's analysis of sex and gender for the understanding of transgender and non-normatively-gendered identities is addressed. Next, using theoretical work by Deleuze, and by Deleuze and Guattari, the article demonstrates how the rhizomatic and folding structures that a transgender reading of Blanchandin/e's transformation brings to light cohere with the series of rhizomes and folds which structure the genealogical logic of the text as a whole. The family tree of Tristan de Nanteuil is shown to answer to queer, rhizomatic, and folding imperatives. In this way, the article demonstrates that the text's transgender genealogy contradicts the anti-generative model of queerness proposed by queer theory's antisocial turn.

After changing its city branding several times, Semarang now has a new city branding, namely "Semarang Variety of Culture." However, the city branding reaped contra from academics and cultural figures because Semarang was considered not sufficient yet in terms of representing its cultural diversity. Responding to this, the Semarang City Government and the Semarang City Public Works Department created a public service advertisement on CCTV socialization for flood control in the city of Semarang with a transgender figure as the ad star. This research was qualitative research designed with Seymour Chatman's Narrative Analysis. The research found a commodification and objectification of transgender people who imitated the feminine style of women in the advertisement. In other words, the public service announcement of Semarang CCTV socialization lowered the femininity, which is synonymous with women.The public service advertisement also violated the moral codes adopted by the majority of the Indonesian people.

BACKGROUND: Insurance-based denials are common barriers for transgender and non-binary individuals in accessing medically necessary gender-affirming care. Little is known about how experiences of transgender-related insurance denials may vary by insurance type. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the association between transgender and non-binary individuals' experiences of different forms of transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: The 2015 United States Transgender Survey was conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality to ascertain US transgender and non-binary experiences across multiple life experiences, including individual health status, health services access and utilization, and experiences with denials. MAIN MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted, and adjusted risk ratios were calculated, to analyze the likelihood of experiencing eight different forms of denials by insurance type, including private, Medicare, Medicaid, and military-related, and having multiple types of insurance coverage. KEY RESULTS: Models revealed significant relationships between transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type for 11,320 transgender and non-binary adults. Compared with those with private insurance, Medicaid coverage was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing denials for hormone therapy (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.22; CI = 1.05–1.42; p = 0.02); having no in-network surgery providers was associated with Medicare (ARR = 1.84; CI = 1.29–2.62; p = 0.009) or Medicaid (ARR = 1.54; CI = 1.20–1.98; p = 0.003); and military-based insurance was associated with transition-related surgery denials (ARR = 1.53; CI = 1.36–1.72; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers and practitioners must consider the link between type of insurance coverage and experiences with different forms of transgender-related insurance denial. These results provide continuing support for broad non-discrimination policy efforts, but also direct our ...

Since 2012, 16 laws granting rights to trans individuals have been passed in Spanish regions. How can we assess the quality of these laws? Do they all profoundly and positively transform trans people's well-being? Do they tackle the economic marginalization of trans people? Do they have a symbolic impact? Using multidimensional criteria, I analyze trans-specific and LGBTI+ antidiscrimination policies to define trans-positivity in policymaking. This article uses feminist theory to judge this legislation's value, contrasting that with the insights of activists and policymakers interviewed for this purpose. Benefiting from the discussion between Nancy Fraser (1995) and Judith Butler (1997), the quality of trans legislation can be assessed by looking at both cultural recognition and economic redistribution. In addition, following Andrea Krizsan and Emanuela Lombardo (2013), I also analyze these laws through the lens of empowerment and transformation. Having made the elusive relationship between sexuality and political economy in trans laws in Spain visible, I call for greater imagination to envisage other sorts of political actions for trans people.

Premi UAB de l'Observatori per a la Igualtat als millors Treballs de Fi de Grau amb perspectiva de gènere. 3a Edició, curs 2017-2018 ; Assesment through legilative, medical and human rights aspects, of the situation of transgender people in Japan. ; Revisió per via legislativa, mèdica i dels drets humans de la situació de les persones transgère al Japó. ; Revisión por vía legislativa, médica y de derechos humanos de la situación de las persones transgénero en Japón.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) dan transgender (TG) merupakan sebagian dari berbagai kelompok yang berisiko terhadap infeksi HIV&AIDS. Secara global, terjadi eskalasi kasus HIV&AIDS di kalangan MSM dan TG, tetapi datanya terbatas. Community- Based Organization (CBO) merupakan pionir dalam pemberian layanan HIV&AIDS untuk kelompok MSM dan TG. Tujuan: Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat strategi organisasi yang bergerak dalam isu MSM dan transgender di Indonesia dan Timor Leste untuk bertahan. Metode: Studi dilakukan dengan menggabungkan studi kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk menilai organisasi-organisasi MSM dan TG yang terkait dengan HIV&AIDS di Indonesia dan Timor Leste. Hasil: Berdasarkan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif, ditemukan adanya variasi strategi yang dikembangkan oleh organisasi untuk dapat bertahan yang disesuaikan dengan kapasitas organisasi yang menangani MSM dan TG. Penilaian kapasitas organisasi dilihat berdasarkan indikator governance (tata kelola), efektivitas organisasi, keberlanjutan, dan atribut. Kesimpulan: Kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik di setiap negara mencerminkan tingkat efektivitas governance, dan sustainabilitas, serta praktik dan atribut dari setiap organisasi yang memengaruhi model strategi yang dikembangkan.

Therfor, the study aims at examining (i) the factors which cause transgender has deviant behavior, (ii) the adaptation process of transgender in Makassar city, (iii) the adaptation pattern of organized transgender that has potential in social reproduction. The type of this study is qualitative research with descriptive. The site of the study was in Manggala subdistrict of Makassar city. The informants of the study consisted of transgender, parents of transgender, public, and government with the total of 10 people. Data was collected by employing interview, observation, and documentation. Data was analyzed by conduction data reduction, data presentation, and verivication or conclusion. The result of the study indicates that the adaptation of transgender in Makassar city of Manggala subdistrict is through occupation or their profession. They cover their deviant behavior and the society can accept their existence.

The large number of Thai transgender women (Kathoey) in Thailand and their visible roles in society often lead casual visitors to believe that Thailand is open and accepting of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) culture. Hence, it is common to hear Thailand described as gender tolerant and culturally sensitive. However, transgender women themselves beg to differ. They explain that the accumulated injustices of the Thai state on transgender rights – such as same sex marriage, social welfare, change of gender on identification card and structural employment discrimination - are the main push factor for Thai transgender women migration to Europe. This research presents state and street discrimination in Thailand and Europe. It also presents the visions of Europe that are commonly held by transgender women, visions that motivate some of them to migrate, and argues that these fantasies are romanticizing productions of western colonial influence. In Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and The UK, where the governments support equal rights of transgender people, Kathoeys find that they are allowed to legally marry, revel in professional progress, access social welfare and receive transgender legal protections. However compared to Thailand, Kathoeys experience more severe discrimination and transprejudice on street (social) level in Europe. This research studies the phenomenon of Thai transgender women migration to Europe and their perception before migrating and reality of living in Europe. It compares the levels of discrimination in Thailand and Europe and presents empirical data regarding street discrimination towards Kathoeys in Europe, despite state protection. The gap between European legal protections and the negative attitudes toward Kathoeys that continues to exist on the street demonstrates the power of universal and essentialist binary opposition: as hetero-normativity and cis-gender bodies are constructed to comprise normalcy and natural, Kathoeys and their transgendered bodies equate with deviancy and ...

The number of pediatric transgender patients seeking treatment is growing rapidly. As a result of this growth, there has been an increase in the number of clinics offering treatment; though there is variability across clinics in terms of resources and services accessible, due to various barriers. This project examines this variation in pediatric transgender care by clinic or provider location across areas of varying population density in the Midwest. Qualitative interviews were conducted with providers from Midwestern states who work with the population of interest. Interviews were transcribed and responses were organized by geographic region and similarity of responses. Major themes were identified based on commonly agreed upon topics or ones that varied by location of practice. Themes discussed in interviews included restricted access for patients, a lack of education among providers, and misinformation about the transgender population within the community. The only differences noted between providers by geographic region were patient demographics and number of providers working in their state. Providers reported that the future of transgender care is moving in a positive direction, despite the presence of significant barriers. Issues regarding pediatric transgender care transcend geographic differences. Better education about the transgender population for both providers and the community is necessary to improve care for this patient population. Democratization of care would also protect patients' access to care, as it would be more difficult to restrict through legislation.

Transgender people have received substantial attention in recent years, with gender identity becoming a focal point of online debate. Transgender identities are central in discussions relating to sex-segregated spaces and activities, such as public toilets, prisons and sports participation. The introduction of 'gender neutral' spaces has received criticism focused on a perceived increased risk of sexual violence against women and children. However, little is known about the implications these constructions have for who is able to claim a 'victim status'. These issues are examined in this chapter in which I provide a critical analysis of the techniques used by individuals to align themselves with a 'victim status'. These claims are presented and contextualized within varying notions of victimization, from being victims of political correctness to victims of a more aggressive minority community. This feeds into an inherently transphobic discourse that is difficult to challenge without facing accusation of perpetuating an individual's 'victimhood'. Transphobic rhetoric is most commonly expressed through constructing transgender people as 'unnatural', 'sinful' or as experiencing a 'mental health issue'. This chapter argues that the denial of transphobia and simultaneous claims of victimization made by the dominant, cisgender majority are intrinsically linked.

The marginalization of the hijra identity in postcolonial Pakistan perpetuates the inequalities that have dogged the transgender community since the colonial era. Although Pakistan has since ratified all concerned UN treaties aimed at protecting transgender people and preventing human rights violations against them, the country's gender-variant population nevertheless remains vulnerable to these transgressions. As such, this study aims to explore the following inquiry: "What are the lifeways of the hijra community and how do hijra people face human rights violations in their daily life activities?" The identity construction of the hijra is a complex process. Pakistan is a patriarchal society that determines gender based on biological sex. While a genitally ambiguous child is generally recognized as intersexed, the family usually obscures this circumstance or tries to enforce a predominantly male identity onto the child. To some degree, an intersexed child is allowed to perform feminine roles, particularly when compared to a biologically male individual who is inclined toward femininity. They may partake in "girls' games" or in "women's chores" like cooking; they may opt to don feminine clothing and jewelry or practice walking and talking "like a girl." Many family members and relatives consider such actions a threat to family honor and/or an indication of weakness, which in turn renders the child vulnerable to sexual or physical assault. Abuse also causes some gender-variant children to drop out of school. As adults, many hijras do not see childhood sexual encounters as assault, particularly because they considered themselves to be feminine even from a young age. Nevertheless, experiences of isolation, abuse, and exclusion often compel a gender-variant child to seek company outside of his/her family of orientation. Many transgender individuals see redemption in joining the hijra community: there, a new identity is defined and shaped. New members mirror themselves after more senior hijras. In the community, relationships are solidified through similar childhood experiences and interests as well as a shared freedom to express the outer reflection of an "inner feminine soul." Here, they accept the childhood label affixed to them by heteronormative society: hijra. In fact, the identity now becomes the key to economic viability and socialization. The predominant livelihood strategies within the hijra community are dancing and prostitution. New members must adhere to stringent norms and rules; they risk (sometimes severe) punishment if they do not. For example, a new hijra must adopt a very strict feminine appearance; if she does not appear feminine enough she may be socially isolated or physically punished. Similarly, a hijra is required to remain passive during sex. In fact, because hijras are stereotyped as passive and vulnerable, many clients physically exploit or even rape them. If she tries to resist, a hijra may face physical violence and, in extreme circumstances, death. Reporting abuse to law enforcement authorities often leads to further exploitation. As such, whether dancing or performing sexually, hijras are encouraged to do whatever is asked of them. In the last decade, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has taken significant steps to ensure the rights of transgender people. The Court has similarly compelled local governments to amend existing legislation in order to protect the transgender community. Nevertheless, discrepancies exist in legislative and judicial interpretations of the transgender identity, which continues to impede the struggle for basic rights. Indeed, there is a long way to go in the effort to incorporate transgender people into the folds of mainstream Pakistani society.

Transgender rights are a highly contested issue, upsetting the 'normal' ordering of society. In Europe, transgender persons continue to suffer discrimination and harassment, and their rights are contested time and again. Eventually they can turn to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) in Strasbourg. In such politically sensitive matters, how do judges in Strasbourg decide? Do they set European norms bolstering transgender rights, or do they refrain from interference in state affairs? Testing expectations based on rational and sociological institutionalism, this article analyses all 33 Court cases on transgender issues since 1980. As a judge's low score on trans rights in their home country does not mean that they vote against trans rights, and as judges do no defend their home country but vote with the 'pro-state' or 'pro-trans' majority, rationalist expectations were not confirmed. Sociological institutionalist processes of widening and narrowing tell us more about the hesitant and uneven strengthening of transgender rights, if within the limits of binary thinking as regards the transgender body, marriage and family.