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It is believed that transitional economies represent a very unique research context. There are abundant opportunities for entrepreneurship studies facing the transitional economies. This issue tries to make explorations in such aspect. The six manuscripts in this issue cover three topics: relationship within the context of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship in history, and entrepreneurship in specific industries. With deep quality and quantity study, they show some interesting conclusions about strategy, organizational behavior, management in entrepreneurship study. Generally, this special iss

The economic crisis caused the ubiquitous growth of a number of self-employed in total employment. In particular groups of countries the self-employment differs both by its scale and composition. Compared to the Central and East European economies, the CIS countries show a much higher share of dependents in the families while the unit weight of employers using hired workers is considerably lower. One of the most characteristic features of self-employment in the transitional economies is very wide participation of women. This conclusion is especially true for CIS countries where women make up the prevailing part of self-employed and their share demonstrates a steady growth. In the Central and East European economies gender indicators are rather close to those in the developed nations. Men face a higher risk of becoming self-employed than women. As for Russia, in terms of volume, composition and structure of self-employment it stays close to the group of Central and East European countries rather than to CIS nations.

Executive summary Prior research shows that accounting conservatism exists in mature economies. However there is not too much research about accounting conservatism in transitional economies. This paper analyses the influence of institutional and political factors on accounting conservatism in Eastern European countries which have already joined the European Union. I researched the levels of unconditional and conditional conservatism in Eastern Europe and compared them with Western European results. I did not find evidence that there is conditional conservatism in Eastern Europe. My research shows that there was conditional conservatism only in Poland during the analyzed period. I found significant evidence proving my expectations regarding the influence of the quality of law, securities law and the risk of expropriation on conditional conservatism.

Der Verfasser skizziert zunächst die Beschäftigungssituation in den Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas vor Beginn des Transformationsprozesses, die durch ein Fehlen overter Arbeitslosigkeit gekennzeichnet war. Er stellt im folgenden das den allgemeinen Erwartungen widersprechende Ansteigen der Arbeitslosigkeit im Zuge der tiefgehenden Transformationskrise in allen Staaten der Region in den Jahren 1990 bis 1994 dar, wobei nur Rußland und die Tschechische Republik eine Ausnahmestellung einnehmen. Mit dem Ansteigen der Arbeitslosigkeit waren zunehmende Armut und eine wachsende Belastung des sozialen Sicherungssystems verbunden. Die Arbeitslosigkeit in den Übergangsgesellschaften weist sowohl Merkmale der klassischen und neoklassischen wie der keynesianischen und strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit auf. Entsprechend komplex muß das Maßnahmenbündel zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit gestaltet sein. (BIOst-Wpt)

This paper surveys the particularities of monetary policy as a powerful governmental weapon in countries with transitional economies. The paper combines the theoretical analysis with empirical studies. Because in transitional economies the particular channels of monetary policy are diverse, continually changing, and uncertain reduce-form evidence are used to evaluate the empirical evidence. The brief view of relationships between movement in money supply (M1 and M2) and output level (nominal GDP) in Georgia illustrates the close correlation between them. Georgian economy, like others transitional economies, suffers from Great Transitional Depression and macroeconomic equilibrium occurs at recessionary gap. In transition countries initially supply is more elastic and elasticity increases more rapidly than that in developed countries. In these circumstances expansionary monetary policy effects real aggregate economy stimulating economic growth with mild inflation. In industrialized countries accommodating discretionary monetary policy entails cost-push inflation without any change in long-run GDP.

AbstractThe Arab Spring and subsequent global unrest sparked a debate about whether a fourth wave of democracy emerged in the global political arena starting in 2010. A key issue arises from these emerging democracies, or 'countries in transition', about what types of government institutions will be adopted by the new democracies. The previous literature on advanced democracies shows the economic structure of a nation impacted its choice of electoral rule system. This paper looks at what determines electoral rule choice in transitional nations. Using a panel database with 65 transitional countries with data for 18 years (1995 to 2012), this paper tests the argument that more coordinated market economies (CMEs) tend to adopt more proportional representative electoral rule systems during a political transition. Findings show that countries characterized as CMEs due to widespread primary education, which supports co-specific assets, and prominent industrial sectors have more proportional electoral rule systems.