Suchergebnisse

"Transnational Actors" published on by Oxford University Press.

THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TERRORISTS AS NON-STATE ACTORS. AFTER REVIEWING, FROM A U.S. GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE, TERRORISM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY, IT GOES ON TO IDENTIFY A CONTINUUM OF "FIVE DEGREES" OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR SPONSORS: MURDER OF DISSIDENTS, RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF OPERATIONS FOR OVERSEAS MISSIONS, CONTROL OF TERRORIST GROUPS AND THEIR DIRECTION, PROVISION AND TRAINING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT, AND IDENTIFICATION OF A GOVERNMENT'S INTERESTS WITH THOSE OF A TERRORIST GROUP. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFORTS TO EXPORT REVOLUTION AS A FACTOR IN INSTIGATING TERRORIST VIOLENCE IS ALSO NOTED. THE PAPER NOTES THAT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STATES AND TERRORIST GROUPS MAY NOT ALWAYS CLEARLY FALL WITHIN TRANSNATIONAL OR TRANSGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DRAWING CRITICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIPS OF MOVEMENTS AND THOSE WHO ASSIST THEM IS DISCUSSED FOR BOTH ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS.

"Religion, Nationalism, and Transnational Actors" published on by Oxford University Press.

This study looks at the dynamics of this new religious pluralism as it influences the global political landscape. Several specific transnational religious actors are examined in the chapters including: American Evangelical Protestants, Roman Catholics, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, Sunni extremist groups (al Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba), and Shia transnational networks. While varying widely in what they seek to achieve, they also share an important characteristic: each seeks to use religious soft power to advance their interests.

Transnational actors and transnational governance now form core elements of global environmental politics alongside intergovernmental diplomacy and institutions. This article explores how and under what conditions this transnationalism has arisen, as well as its implications for world politics. It considers what effects transnational actors and governance have had on political outcomes, their relation to states and intergovernmental institutions, and normative questions around their legitimacy and accountability. The critical role of transnational actors and institutions in environmental politics has made the field a laboratory for broader questions concerning the evolution of global governance in world politics more generally. As global environmental challenges continue to magnify and affect other spheres of political activity, understanding these dynamics will become increasingly important.

"The nature of global governance is changing, as are the standards by which we judge its legitimacy. Whereas international institutions were long the exclusive preserve of national governments, the past decades have witnessed a gradual and partial shift from interstate cooperation to more complex forms of governance, involving participation by transnational actors, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), advocacy networks, party associations, philanthropic foundations, and multinational corporations. Increasingly, states and international institutions are engaging transnational actors as policy experts, service providers, compliance watchdogs, and stakeholder representatives. This volume analyzes the reasons behind, and consequences of, the growing involvement of transnational actors in established international institutions. It provides comparative analyses of varying transnational access and participation in different international organizations and issue-areas. Combining normative democratic theory and empirical research, it offers innovative interpretations of the democratic legitimacy of current arrangements"--Provided by publisher.

The nature of global governance is changing, as are the standards by which we judge its legitimacy. We are witnessing a gradual and partial shift from inter-state co-operation to more complex forms of governance, involving participation by transnational actors, such as NGOs, party associations, philanthropic foundations and corporations