Suchergebnisse

In contemporary international security system new elements of security appears on the stage and energy security is this kind of element. The importance of energy security grows along with the growing dependency of states on the energy resources, and also by growing rivalry in international system for control of the resources. Energy resources are becoming part of economy, foreign policy and as well as various security elements. Analysing states through prism of energy security it is possible to indentify the main actors in the filed of energy security, to distinguish levels of their influence, to determine their links and interactions. This allows constructing global energy security system. Article distinguishes three types of states in the field of energy security: producers, consumers and transit states. These types of states interact with each other and this interaction is a core of energy security for individual states and global system. Producers are the most influential group followed by consumers as transit states that are dependent on the relations between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers through changes in energy security can influence regional and global security as changes in global and regional security (also energy security) interacts with each other. Transnational actors and global economical factors could influence global or regional energy security. Geographical distribution of energy resources influences relations between producers, consumers and transit states as well as influences global and regional energy security. Geographical positions and climatic conditions influence energy security of individual states and their interaction.

In contemporary international security system new elements of security appears on the stage and energy security is this kind of element. The importance of energy security grows along with the growing dependency of states on the energy resources, and also by growing rivalry in international system for control of the resources. Energy resources are becoming part of economy, foreign policy and as well as various security elements. Analysing states through prism of energy security it is possible to indentify the main actors in the filed of energy security, to distinguish levels of their influence, to determine their links and interactions. This allows constructing global energy security system. Article distinguishes three types of states in the field of energy security: producers, consumers and transit states. These types of states interact with each other and this interaction is a core of energy security for individual states and global system. Producers are the most influential group followed by consumers as transit states that are dependent on the relations between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers through changes in energy security can influence regional and global security as changes in global and regional security (also energy security) interacts with each other. Transnational actors and global economical factors could influence global or regional energy security. Geographical distribution of energy resources influences relations between producers, consumers and transit states as well as influences global and regional energy security. Geographical positions and climatic conditions influence energy security of individual states and their interaction.

Partindo de um quadro teórico neo-gramsciano crítico à globalização, este artigo aplica a nova teoria do regionalismo (NTR) e a teoria do regionalismo regulatório (TRR) à sua análise e teorização dos tratados de comércio da Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos da Nossa América (ALBA-TCP) como regionalismo contra-hegemônico na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). A ALBA está centrada na ideia de um Socialismo do Século XXI, que, como (inicialmente) também a Revolução Bolivariana da Venezuela, substitui a 'vantagem competitiva' pela 'vantagem cooperativa'. Em seu caráter de conjunto de processos multidimensionais e transnacionais a ALBA-TCP opera dentro de/transversalmente a um número de setores e escalas, ao mesmo passo que as transformações estruturais são movidas pela interação de agentes do Estado e agentes não estatais. A política de Educação Superior para Todos (ESPT) do governo venezuelano rejeita a agenda neoliberal globalizada de mercadorização, privatização e elitismo e reinvindica educação pública gratuita em todos os níveis como um direito humano fundamental. A ESPT está sendo regionalizado em um espaço educacional emergente da ALBA e assume um papel-chave nos processos de democracia direta e participatória, dos quais a construção popular (bottom-up) da contra-hegemonia e a redefinição política e econômica da ALC dependem. Antes de produzir sujeitos empreendedores conformes ao capitalismo global, a ESPT procura formar subjetividades ao longo de valores morais de solidariedade e cooperação. Isso será ilustrado com referência a um estudo etnográfico de caso da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela (UBV). ; This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea of a 21st Century Socialism that replaces the 'competitive advantage' with the 'cooperative advantage'. ALBA, as a set of multi-dimensional inter- and transnational processes, operates within and across a range of sectors and scales whilst the structural transformations are driven by the interplay of state and non-state actors. The Venezuelan government's Higher Education For All (HEFA) policy, which is being regionalised within an emergent ALBA education space, assumes a key role in the direct democratic and participatory democratic processes upon which a bottom-up construction of counter-hegemony depends. HEFA challenges the globalised neoliberal higher education agenda of commoditisation, privatisation and elitism. Rather than producing enterprising subjects fashioned for global capitalism, HEFA seeks to form subjectivities along the moral values of solidarity and cooperation.