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"Transnational Actors" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Religion, Nationalism, and Transnational Actors" published on by Oxford University Press.

Contending that nation-states are still the dominant actors & loci for politics, including contentious politics, the question is addressed of how contention grows beyond its localized beginnings to become a force for transnational change. This chapter focuses on a single process -- scale shift -- composed of mechanisms seen as central to the spread of contention, not only within nation-states but internationally. Two forms of this process -- direct & indirect -- are conceptualized, & within the former through two routes -- "brokerage" & "diffusion." It is shown that localized action is shifting in both cases, through additional mechanisms of emulation & attribution of similarity, to produce what appears to be coordinated transnational action. These dynamics are used to examine three important protest campaigns -- the civil rights & nuclear freeze movements in the US & the international solidarity movement with the Zapatista insurgency in Mexico -- to illustrate the two routes named above & the differences they make in outcomes. Speculations about the value added to the study of transnational contention by this approach are offered in conclusion. Figures. J. Stanton

Broadly defined, terrorism is a nonstate violent reaction to preponderant political power & the greatest threat to globalization. The causes, types, & tactics of terrorism prior to the September 11, 2001, attack on the US are compared with those dimensions afterward, using statistical sources. In the new terrorism, religious & spiritual movements have replaced the nationalist or leftist politics of earlier terrorism. The US & other countries/actors need to develop short- & long-term strategies to combat terrorism; the long-term actions need to shape the environments in which terrorists & terrorist networks thrive. While military capabilities & homeland security are important, in the long run nonmilitary instruments like intelligence & economic assistance will be more effective. 9 Figures. M. Pflum

Although elite alliances demonstrate significance influence on macrostructural processes, it is contended that political elites also possess strong ties with actors involved in social movements, in particular, transnational environmental movements. The extent of these ties is explored by reviewing contemporary literature on how political elites affect social movements & how social movements have been conceptualized as social networks. Data from the 1993 Yearbook of International Organizations were analyzed to confirm the following hypotheses: transnational organizations that function as consultants & have informal connections with multiple intergovernmental organizations & UN agencies will occupy a more central place within the environmental transnational organization network. Whereas the findings confirm the supposition regarding informal connections, they fail to support consultative status; multiple explanations for these results are offered. The study's implications for future research on political elites & elite alliances are also considered. 4 Tables, 62 References. J. W. Parker

Develops & applies an interpretative framework on environmental reform in transnational urban spaces, exploring how multinational corporate office buildings are creating new hybrid arrangements of environmental management. At issue is achieving a conceptual understanding of the mechanisms & dynamics instigating the environmental restructuring of buildings, proposing a model that transcends the basic state vs market & global vs local dichotomies. Explored are the arrangements regulating & restructuring the environmental dimensions of urban office stock, & how traditional entities & actors of state & market are "enmeshed" & "hybridized" in practices of environmental reform where global & local interface. Twelve case studies of the interception of corporate environmental strategies & urban environmental policies in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sao Paulo, Brazil, & Beijing, People's Republic of China, are subject to qualitative analysis to shed light on how the dynamics of urban environmental governance are changing. The model is then developed further, assessing urban environmental reforms & asserting that conceptualizing them as simply place-bound political processes is inadequate. Figures, References. D. Edelman

Develops & applies an interpretative framework on environmental reform in transnational urban spaces, exploring how multinational corporate office buildings are creating new hybrid arrangements of environmental management. At issue is achieving a conceptual understanding of the mechanisms & dynamics instigating the environmental restructuring of buildings, proposing a model that transcends the basic state vs market & global vs local dichotomies. Explored are the arrangements regulating & restructuring the environmental dimensions of urban office stock, & how traditional entities & actors of state & market are "enmeshed" & "hybridized" in practices of environmental reform where global & local interface. Twelve case studies of the interception of corporate environmental strategies & urban environmental policies in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sao Paulo, Brazil, & Beijing, People's Republic of China, are subject to qualitative analysis to shed light on how the dynamics of urban environmental governance are changing. The model is then developed further, assessing urban environmental reforms & asserting that conceptualizing them as simply place-bound political processes is inadequate. Figures, References. D. Edelman