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This paper aims to discuss trans-national philanthropy's regulations in the EU member states, as well as legal environment for this phenomenon in the whole European Union. This leads to defining its legal perspectives and naming possibilities how the environment just mentioned could be improved. The paper is constructed of free major parts. Firstly, it provides the legal definition of philanthropy and establishes its connection in comparison with other similar legal terms. Further on, the characterization of trans-national philanthropy and its parties is given, whereas these are followed by conceptual analysis of tax exemptions relevant to philanthropy and its legal limits, established by the state. Second part of the paper is all intended to analyze legal regimes of member states, mostly those of fiscal origin. It starts with the analysis of the current situation both within the regulation of national and transnational philanthropy. It continues by stressing the tendencies for regulations that are present in the analyzed states and trying to name the reasons why the philanthropy nowadays is "landlocked". Third part –analysis of EU legal environment in this field – is conducted in two major ways. To start with, it gives characteristics of national philanthropy regimes in accordance to the EC law. Further on, it talks about the processes that are going on and might be going on in the EU, in order to create the enabling legal environment. As the analysis is overwhelming and involves many parts of the EU legal framework, it can be told that EU institutional, material, competition and even constitutional norms where tackled. All in all, this paper researches the role of non-profit legal entities among other legal persons, as well as its public benefit status and its implications. Further on, great attention here is given to the tax exemptions, paying attention to both –specifics of its application and role in the not-for-profit sector. Finally a significant part of the paper analyses decisions of the European Court of Justice, as much as they are related to the philanthropy's and non-profit activities' regulations.

This paper aims to discuss trans-national philanthropy's regulations in the EU member states, as well as legal environment for this phenomenon in the whole European Union. This leads to defining its legal perspectives and naming possibilities how the environment just mentioned could be improved. The paper is constructed of free major parts. Firstly, it provides the legal definition of philanthropy and establishes its connection in comparison with other similar legal terms. Further on, the characterization of trans-national philanthropy and its parties is given, whereas these are followed by conceptual analysis of tax exemptions relevant to philanthropy and its legal limits, established by the state. Second part of the paper is all intended to analyze legal regimes of member states, mostly those of fiscal origin. It starts with the analysis of the current situation both within the regulation of national and transnational philanthropy. It continues by stressing the tendencies for regulations that are present in the analyzed states and trying to name the reasons why the philanthropy nowadays is "landlocked". Third part –analysis of EU legal environment in this field – is conducted in two major ways. To start with, it gives characteristics of national philanthropy regimes in accordance to the EC law. Further on, it talks about the processes that are going on and might be going on in the EU, in order to create the enabling legal environment. As the analysis is overwhelming and involves many parts of the EU legal framework, it can be told that EU institutional, material, competition and even constitutional norms where tackled. All in all, this paper researches the role of non-profit legal entities among other legal persons, as well as its public benefit status and its implications. Further on, great attention here is given to the tax exemptions, paying attention to both –specifics of its application and role in the not-for-profit sector. Finally a significant part of the paper analyses decisions of the European Court of Justice, as much as they are related to the philanthropy's and non-profit activities' regulations.

This paper aims to discuss trans-national philanthropy's regulations in the EU member states, as well as legal environment for this phenomenon in the whole European Union. This leads to defining its legal perspectives and naming possibilities how the environment just mentioned could be improved. The paper is constructed of free major parts. Firstly, it provides the legal definition of philanthropy and establishes its connection in comparison with other similar legal terms. Further on, the characterization of trans-national philanthropy and its parties is given, whereas these are followed by conceptual analysis of tax exemptions relevant to philanthropy and its legal limits, established by the state. Second part of the paper is all intended to analyze legal regimes of member states, mostly those of fiscal origin. It starts with the analysis of the current situation both within the regulation of national and transnational philanthropy. It continues by stressing the tendencies for regulations that are present in the analyzed states and trying to name the reasons why the philanthropy nowadays is "landlocked". Third part –analysis of EU legal environment in this field – is conducted in two major ways. To start with, it gives characteristics of national philanthropy regimes in accordance to the EC law. Further on, it talks about the processes that are going on and might be going on in the EU, in order to create the enabling legal environment. As the analysis is overwhelming and involves many parts of the EU legal framework, it can be told that EU institutional, material, competition and even constitutional norms where tackled. All in all, this paper researches the role of non-profit legal entities among other legal persons, as well as its public benefit status and its implications. Further on, great attention here is given to the tax exemptions, paying attention to both –specifics of its application and role in the not-for-profit sector. Finally a significant part of the paper analyses decisions of the European Court of Justice, as much as they are related to the philanthropy's and non-profit activities' regulations.

This paper aims to discuss trans-national philanthropy's regulations in the EU member states, as well as legal environment for this phenomenon in the whole European Union. This leads to defining its legal perspectives and naming possibilities how the environment just mentioned could be improved. The paper is constructed of free major parts. Firstly, it provides the legal definition of philanthropy and establishes its connection in comparison with other similar legal terms. Further on, the characterization of trans-national philanthropy and its parties is given, whereas these are followed by conceptual analysis of tax exemptions relevant to philanthropy and its legal limits, established by the state. Second part of the paper is all intended to analyze legal regimes of member states, mostly those of fiscal origin. It starts with the analysis of the current situation both within the regulation of national and transnational philanthropy. It continues by stressing the tendencies for regulations that are present in the analyzed states and trying to name the reasons why the philanthropy nowadays is "landlocked". Third part –analysis of EU legal environment in this field – is conducted in two major ways. To start with, it gives characteristics of national philanthropy regimes in accordance to the EC law. Further on, it talks about the processes that are going on and might be going on in the EU, in order to create the enabling legal environment. As the analysis is overwhelming and involves many parts of the EU legal framework, it can be told that EU institutional, material, competition and even constitutional norms where tackled. All in all, this paper researches the role of non-profit legal entities among other legal persons, as well as its public benefit status and its implications. Further on, great attention here is given to the tax exemptions, paying attention to both –specifics of its application and role in the not-for-profit sector. Finally a significant part of the paper analyses decisions of the European Court of Justice, as much as they are related to the philanthropy's and non-profit activities' regulations.

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The first conception involved the founding of a secular and autonomous Vilnius University, open to national minorities, whereas the second conception favoured a national Catholic Vilnius University with limited rights of self-rule. Supporters of the first strategy suggested that the opening of the national Vilnius University was rescheduled and the required specialists were educated at foreign universities. Proponents of the second strategy requested immediate opening of the Lithuanian Vilnius University as the country was lacking of well-qualified specialists and foreign universities were unable to educate sufficient numbers of civil servants and economy specialists of various levels; the second stage covers the period from 1919 marked by the loss of Vilnius and its region and the possibility to re-establish Vilnius University by the opening of the University of Lithuania on 16 February 1922. This stage is characterised by the divergence of opinions expressed by political parties, governments, and the academic society regarding higher education in Lithuania. Governments and political parties agreed to put on hold the establishment of the university and confine to the preparation of specialists at foreign universities on the basis of state grants. The academic society, however, held an opposing opinion on the abovementioned issue and initiated the establishment of a private university type school, namely the Advanced Courses in Kaunas; the third stage is related to the founding of the University of Lithuania and covers the period from the opening of the University of Lithuania on 16 February 1922 to the establishment of new universities in the early 1930s. This stage is characterised by the fact that political parties managed to reach a compromise regarding the founding of the University of Lithuania in Kaunas, i.e. the university was intended to meet the interests of both the nation state and [.]

The first conception involved the founding of a secular and autonomous Vilnius University, open to national minorities, whereas the second conception favoured a national Catholic Vilnius University with limited rights of self-rule. Supporters of the first strategy suggested that the opening of the national Vilnius University was rescheduled and the required specialists were educated at foreign universities. Proponents of the second strategy requested immediate opening of the Lithuanian Vilnius University as the country was lacking of well-qualified specialists and foreign universities were unable to educate sufficient numbers of civil servants and economy specialists of various levels; the second stage covers the period from 1919 marked by the loss of Vilnius and its region and the possibility to re-establish Vilnius University by the opening of the University of Lithuania on 16 February 1922. This stage is characterised by the divergence of opinions expressed by political parties, governments, and the academic society regarding higher education in Lithuania. Governments and political parties agreed to put on hold the establishment of the university and confine to the preparation of specialists at foreign universities on the basis of state grants. The academic society, however, held an opposing opinion on the abovementioned issue and initiated the establishment of a private university type school, namely the Advanced Courses in Kaunas; the third stage is related to the founding of the University of Lithuania and covers the period from the opening of the University of Lithuania on 16 February 1922 to the establishment of new universities in the early 1930s. This stage is characterised by the fact that political parties managed to reach a compromise regarding the founding of the University of Lithuania in Kaunas, i.e. the university was intended to meet the interests of both the nation state and [.]

The dynamics of international system, globalization process and changing concept of security brings transnational challenges and leads to a new look at nation state and the discussion of its security question. The growing importance of economic processes raises state economic security issue as a part of national security. Internal and external factors of this security sector and their links creates and shapes each state perception of its economic security, where near economic aspects, very important place is given for rate between nation state and individuals. The latter is emphasizes by comprehensive dynamics of economic processes and state's facing with these new transnational challenges, which are taking qualitative and quantitative features of operations. Transnational organized crime has these characteristics by controlling illegal markets and expanding political-criminal relationships, which goes further than economic security "limits", this also has influence for state role in international arena and effectiveness of its institutions. The connections between organized crime, state economic security and state political system allows to analyze the impact of criminal groups for state as independent actor of international system and as the analysis of security level. Developing and using transnational organized crime model in analysis for Chinese triads, the Mexican cartels and Russian mafia and their home states involves country history, cultural context and legacy of prior political regimes as crucial factors in political and economical relations between state and its organized crime groups. This is proven by analyzing measurements taken to fight against the influence of criminal groups and preventing their crossing one state borders. Taking actions inside the state and international arena proves influential organized crime role in state which is further reinforced by these groups of violence against state authorities. In this case, the state is not the only who has the monopoly of power; there is concurrency from the side of organized crime. In this way, it threatens the stability of the state which stressed by creating of certain "behaviour" between organized crime and state. The latter is partly justified and accepted by both state and society. In this case, organized crime as the challenge to state economic security is understood as multi-covering and multi-trend process which increases vulnerability of both this security of economic sector and uncovers others security sectors and security levels.

The dynamics of international system, globalization process and changing concept of security brings transnational challenges and leads to a new look at nation state and the discussion of its security question. The growing importance of economic processes raises state economic security issue as a part of national security. Internal and external factors of this security sector and their links creates and shapes each state perception of its economic security, where near economic aspects, very important place is given for rate between nation state and individuals. The latter is emphasizes by comprehensive dynamics of economic processes and state's facing with these new transnational challenges, which are taking qualitative and quantitative features of operations. Transnational organized crime has these characteristics by controlling illegal markets and expanding political-criminal relationships, which goes further than economic security "limits", this also has influence for state role in international arena and effectiveness of its institutions. The connections between organized crime, state economic security and state political system allows to analyze the impact of criminal groups for state as independent actor of international system and as the analysis of security level. Developing and using transnational organized crime model in analysis for Chinese triads, the Mexican cartels and Russian mafia and their home states involves country history, cultural context and legacy of prior political regimes as crucial factors in political and economical relations between state and its organized crime groups. This is proven by analyzing measurements taken to fight against the influence of criminal groups and preventing their crossing one state borders. Taking actions inside the state and international arena proves influential organized crime role in state which is further reinforced by these groups of violence against state authorities. In this case, the state is not the only who has the monopoly of power; there is concurrency from the side of organized crime. In this way, it threatens the stability of the state which stressed by creating of certain "behaviour" between organized crime and state. The latter is partly justified and accepted by both state and society. In this case, organized crime as the challenge to state economic security is understood as multi-covering and multi-trend process which increases vulnerability of both this security of economic sector and uncovers others security sectors and security levels.

The dynamics of international system, globalization process and changing concept of security brings transnational challenges and leads to a new look at nation state and the discussion of its security question. The growing importance of economic processes raises state economic security issue as a part of national security. Internal and external factors of this security sector and their links creates and shapes each state perception of its economic security, where near economic aspects, very important place is given for rate between nation state and individuals. The latter is emphasizes by comprehensive dynamics of economic processes and state's facing with these new transnational challenges, which are taking qualitative and quantitative features of operations. Transnational organized crime has these characteristics by controlling illegal markets and expanding political-criminal relationships, which goes further than economic security "limits", this also has influence for state role in international arena and effectiveness of its institutions. The connections between organized crime, state economic security and state political system allows to analyze the impact of criminal groups for state as independent actor of international system and as the analysis of security level. Developing and using transnational organized crime model in analysis for Chinese triads, the Mexican cartels and Russian mafia and their home states involves country history, cultural context and legacy of prior political regimes as crucial factors in political and economical relations between state and its organized crime groups. This is proven by analyzing measurements taken to fight against the influence of criminal groups and preventing their crossing one state borders. Taking actions inside the state and international arena proves influential organized crime role in state which is further reinforced by these groups of violence against state authorities. In this case, the state is not the only who has the monopoly of power; there is concurrency from the side of organized crime. In this way, it threatens the stability of the state which stressed by creating of certain "behaviour" between organized crime and state. The latter is partly justified and accepted by both state and society. In this case, organized crime as the challenge to state economic security is understood as multi-covering and multi-trend process which increases vulnerability of both this security of economic sector and uncovers others security sectors and security levels.