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In pre-colonial Peru the distinctions between male and female were far more flexible than they are today. A traditional travesti or transgender/transvestite identity and culture existed and played an important role in Andean religion and society. Colonial and subsequently development influences suppressed these identities and communities, although the Peruvian travesti remained. In contemporary Peru travestis face violence from the public and police, as well as economic exclusion and discrimination by health services. Travestis have assimilated the worst of both gender roles. Sometimes they are seen as male and thus fair game for violence from the police. However, they have also assumed some aspects of the stereotypical 'hysterical' woman, such as body transformation even at the cost of their health, choosing macho and possibly violent partners, and passivity in sex. Travestis need a new kind of post-feminism to enable them to make active choices about which genders they wish to claim, and to live out their chosen genders in ways that validate themselves. Rights are needed for all people to choose and transit between gender identities whether male, female, or a combination of the two. (IDS Bull/GIGA)

Preface -- Introduction: -- Some basic definitions -- Social attitudes toward sex/gender diversity -- Sexuality and gender diversity -- Globalization and gender diversity -- Female gender diversity -- Book outline -- Anthropology and cultural difference -- Multiple Genders Among Native Americans: -- Distribution and characteristics of variant sex/gender roles -- Transvestism -- Occupation -- Gender variance and sexuality -- Biological sex and gender transformations -- Sacred power -- Alyha: a male gender variant role among the Mohave -- Female gender variants -- Review and reflection -- Hijra And Sadhin: Neither Man Nor Woman In India And Bangladesh: -- Gender diversity in Hinduism -- Hijras as not-men -- Hijras as women and not-women -- Religious identifications -- Social responses to Hijras -- Hijra sexuality -- Social structure of the Hijra Community -- Sadhin: a female gender variant -- Hijras of Bangladesh -- Review and reflection -- Men And Not-Men: Sexuality And Gender In Brazil -- Gender diversity: Travestis, Bichas, and Viados -- Men and not-men: the Brazilian binary attitudes toward gender diversity -- Afro-Brazilian Religion -- Links between Candomble and gender diversity -- Penetration, possession trance, and gender diversity in Candomble -- Changing sex/gender ideologies -- Review and reflection -- Liminal Gender Roles In Polynesia: -- Gender liminal male roles -- Historical contexts -- Appropriations of the feminine -- Sexuality and gender liminality -- Sexuality and social status -- Performing gender diversity -- Gender liminality and the Polynesian concept of the person -- Review and reflection -- Transgendered Males In Thailand And The Philippines: -- Homoeroticism in Thai Culture -- Transformations in traditional sex/gender ideology -- Social attitudes toward the Kathoey -- Sex/gender diversity in the Philippines -- Contemporary constructions of gender diversity: transgendered male homosexuality -- Bakla sexual relationships -- Association of transgendered males with beauty -- Transvestite beauty contests -- Review and reflection -- Indonesia: Bissu, Waria, And Lesbi: -- Bissu -- Waria -- Lesbi -- Review and reflection -- Sex/Gender Diversity In Euro-American Cultures: -- Transvestite female saints -- Sworn virgin of the Balkans -- Transsexualism -- Transgenderism -- Intersexuality -- Review and reflection -- Variations On A Theme: -- Criteria for constructing sex/gender variation -- Varying degrees of institutionalization -- Public recognition of sex/gender transformations -- Explaining sex/gender diversity -- Functions, roles, and significance of sex/gender diversity -- Globalization -- Review and reflection -- Glossary -- Selected films -- References -- Index.

The doctrines of gender. The prevalence of transvestism. Clothing as gender landscape -- Clothing sex, sexing clothes : transvestism, material culture and the sex and gender debate. The importance of sex and gender. Dress and identity : transvestism and material culture. 'Is gender to culture as sex is to nature?' : transvestism and the discourses of sex and gender. Corporeality and the politics of sex. Clothing the brain -- Transvestites in the UK : the dream of fair women. Are those women's clothes? Fieldwork in the UK. Becoming extraordinary : the experience of the transvestite in Western societies. Becoming 'the other.' UK transvestites : interviews with Anthony/Suzanne, John/Joy, Dan/Shelly, Gavin/Gina and Simon/Sandra. The range of possibilities. Clothing choices. Some conclusions about UK transvestites -- Disorder within the pattern : the hijras of India. Fieldwork in India. Hijras in context : who are hijras? Why the hijras? The need to categorise : studies of the hijras. Becoming a hijra. Hijras and the principle of male and female union. Hijras and religion -- Crossing gender boundaries in cultural context : fieldwork comparisons and cultural influences. cross-dressing and clothing choices. Differences in lifestyle. Transvestism within contrasting cosmological contexts -- Dressing up/dressing down : reconsidering sex and gender culture. Woman=soft, man=hard : concepts of language made material. Gendered emotions and the ceremony of naven. Masculine representation of the feminine. Jung and the inner world of opposites. sex, gender or sexuality? Crossing gender as an 'institutionalised' role. The Brazilian travestis. Binary categorisation as 'common sense.' Masculinity, femininity ; genetics and mosaics. The correlates of gender culture-transvestism as material objectification. Cross-cultural evidence and the conceptualisation of gender crossing. Marking gender -- Thinking of themselves : transvestism and concepts of the person. Transvestism as a social phenomenon. Concepts of the person, individual and society in India and England : cultural contexts of transvestites and hijras. Contrasting concepts of self within the Hindu and Western traditions. Individuality and identity. Personhood and transvestism in cross-cultural perspective. Blurring the boundaries : deconstructing theories of the self. Transvestites, constructed selves, and issues of sex and gender. A broader conceptualisation of transvestism. 'This is an absurd ordination for people to live in, in 2002'