Suchergebnisse

At head of title: Political economy. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Part 7: IFIPTM 2017 Graduate Symposium ; International audience ; Information has been an essential element in the development of collaborative and cooperative models, from decision making to the attainmentof varying goals, people are adept at making judgment on the trustworthiness of information, based on knowledge and understanding of a normative model of information. Contemporary narrative especially in high-impact contexts like politics, health, business, government and technology, is eroding trust in information, its source, its value and the ability to objectively determine the trustworthiness of a piece of information, a situation made more complex by social networks, social media have made the spread of information easier and faster irrespective of their trustworthiness, hence the need for judgment on the trustworthiness of a piece of information based on social cognitive construct, a trust model for information.

The variable trust has become widely used in the social science research lately and few concepts seem to have attracted so much attention from such a broad variety of academic disciplines. In political science in the theories on social capital and political culture, emphasizing its importance for democracy, trus has been seen as na essential variable for the understanding of societies. In social capital theory the generalized interpersonal trust is often given a particularly important role to initiate virtuous circles of development in the societies. This paper will treat some of the different theories that are connected both to the definition and the effects of generalized trust and then issues connected to the uncertainty of the measurements of generalized trust

Frédérique Six (1962) studied Environmental Engineering at Wageningen University. Upon graduation in 1987 she joined McKinsey & Company as a business analyst and obtained her MBA at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France) in 1988. She rejoined McKinsey & Company as an associate and worked in the Amsterdam and London offices from 1989-1993 providing management consulting services to top management of large corporations and government institutions. From 1993 through 1999 she worked with KPMG Environmental Consulting as a senior management consultant and with KPMG Inspire Foundation as a senior researcher researching new ways of organizing. She has coedited The trust process, empirical studies of the determinants and the process of trust development (with Bart Nooteboom, Edward Elgar, 2003). In 2004 she obtained her Ph.D. in management at Erasmus University Rotterdam and joined the department of Public Administration and Organization Science at Free University (Amsterdam). Her research focuses on integrity and trust within and between organizations in both public and private sector. Her research interests are integrity dilemmas; dynamics of trust processes in work relations; creating structures and processes that stimulate integrity and trust; creating conditions for learning, innovation and change in organizations; tackling social challenges with dialogue in issue networks, social entrepreneurship and social partnerships. ; The purpose of this study is to find out more about how trust works as an interactive and asymmetrical process, how trust is built up against the inevitable occurrence of trouble and how organizational policies and settings affect the generation and maintenance of trust. A theory of interpersonal trust building is developed based on relational signalling theory. The key argument put forward in this study is that for interpersonal trust to be built in work relations within organizations, both individuals in the relationship need to have their actions guided by a stable normative frame. Thus the stability of normative frames becomes a joint goal and likely to be jointly produced within the relationship. The theory shows that for interpersonal trust to be built (1) legitimate distrust situations must be taken away through interest alignment arrangements, (2) institutional arrangements must be put in place that stimulate frame resonance, (3) both individuals must regularly perform actions conveying positive relational signals and (4) both individuals involved in a trouble situation must at least act in ways that are not perceived as negative relational signals. A multiple case study strategy was applied covering two organizations. Embedded within the case study strategy, a multi-method approach was used with interviews, observations, a questionnaire survey, documents and verification meetings as instruments for three types of analysis: a quantitative trust and trouble event analysis, a quantitative survey analysis and qualitative analyses.

Tax compliance has been studied in economics by analysing the individual decision of a representative person between paying and evading taxes. A neglected aspect of tax compliance is the interaction of taxpayers and tax authorities. The relationship between the two actors can be understood as an implicit or 'psychological' contract. Studies on tax evasion in Switzerland show that the more strongly the political participation rights are developed, the more important the contract is, and the higher tax morale is. In this paper, empirical evidence based on a survey of tax authorities of the twenty-six Swiss states (cantons) is presented, indicating that the differences in the treatment of taxpayers by tax authorities can be explained by differences in political participation rights as well.

The article explores some of the assumptions behind the current valence of the notion of trust and in particular its entanglement in discourses of social robustness, the management and reporting of (corporate) knowledge, and its underlying culture and systems of responsibility. It unfolds by contrasting classic and contemporary anthropological work on cultures of suspicion, culpability and spiritual ambiguity with the new vocabulary of capitalist corporate ethics. Finally, the argument examines the work that relationships do when moving in and out of the occult, and contrasts it with the kind of temporal work that capitalism demands from relationships to remain diaphanous. If public trust functions as the political epistemology of neoliberal society, an anthropological theory of trust ought perhaps to reaffirm instead our trust in anthropological theory and comparison. ; Peer reviewed

Trust in banks is considered essential for an effective financial system, yet little is known about what determines trust in banks. Only a handful of single-country studies discuss the topic, so this paper aims to fill the gap by providing a cross-country analysis on the level and determinants of trust in banks. Using World Values Survey data covering 52 countries during the period 2010–2014, we observe large cross-country differences in trust in banks and confirm the influence of several sociodemographic indicators. Our main findings include: women tend to trust banks more than men; trust in banks tends to increase with income, but decrease with age and education; access to television enhances trust, while internet access erodes trust; and religious, political, and economic values may affect trust in banks. Notably, religious individuals tend to put greater trust in banks, but differences are observed across denominations. The holding of pro-market economic views is also associated with greater trust in banks.

International audience ; Trust in banks is considered essential for an effective financial system, yet little is known about what determines trust in banks. Only a handful of single-country studies discuss the topic, so this paper aims to fill the gap by providing a cross-country analysis on the level and determinants of trust in banks. Using World Values Survey data covering 52 countries during the period 2010–2014, we observe large cross-country differences in trust in banks and confirm the influence of several sociodemographic indicators. Our main findings include: women tend to trust banks more than men; trust in banks tends to increase with income, but decrease with age and education; and access to television enhances trust, while internet access erodes trust. Additionally, religious, political, and economic values affect trust in banks. Notably, religious individuals tend to put greater trust in banks, but differences are observed across denominations. The holding of pro-market economic views is also associated with greater trust in banks.

Small and removed from the Spanish mainland, the Enclave of Ceuta has always depended on flows of goods and labour out of the Moroccan hinterland, with individuals from different ethnic and religious groups forming informal, flexible and personal economic bonds based on mutual 'confianza' (trust). Since its entry into the European Union in 1986, the Spanish government has erected a border-wall around the enclave, and introduced new migration policies branding many informal workers within its borders as a threat to Spanish society. Based on my preliminary months of research, this paper compares the Ceutan context with other research recently conducted on the topics of migration and borders in the Mediterranean region. It brings into focus key theoretical issues and assumptions that constantly emerge in such literature, particularly regarding the role of 'a-cultural' personal ties between migrants and locals in undermining State categories and ideology. This paper observes how the Ceutan case encourages us to expand our focuses and consequently problematise our understanding of crucial concepts such as 'trust' and 'integration'.

Cheung Kin Hang. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-97). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction ; Divergent meanings of trust and institution --- p.1 ; Research questions --- p.1 ; Structure of thesis --- p.3 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Trust and Bounded Rationality ; Meaning and the four key elements of trust --- p.5 ; Plausible loss due to lack of certainty --- p.7 ; Positive expectation by a trusting party --- p.8 ; Relevance to human interaction --- p.9 ; Intentionality --- p.10 ; Trust and Rationality --- p.13 ; Herbert Simon's bounded rationality --- p.13 ; "Bounded rationality, use of authority, and trust" --- p.18 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Theory of Institution ; Institutionalisms in Politics and Exchange of Insights --- p.23 ; Understanding of North's Works --- p.25 ; North's understanding of human rationality and economic performance --- p.25 ; "Core idea, major traits of institution and its relationship with actors" --- p.30 ; Learning and Accumulation of Experiences --- p.38 ; Plasticity of human brain --- p.44 ; Path dependence and change of institution --- p.47 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Trust and Institution ; Divergent understandings of relationship of trust and institution --- p.54 ; At the neural level: institutionalized experience and neural systems for trust --- p.57 ; At interpersonal and organizational level: reciprocal trust and impacts of empowerment --- p.62 ; At organizational and macro-social level: deprivation experience and social violence --- p.68 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.73 ; References --- p.76

ax is at the top of the political agenda and many substantial changes are taking place, partly as a response to political and popular pressure resulting in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan, EU initiatives and changes in domestic law and partly as a result of administrative pressures and the capacity for new technological developments, such as the Making Tax Digital plans. New technology has also had a part to play in ramping up the political agenda as it becomes easier to access and disseminate material and we cannot help being aware of the major impact of recent leaks of vast amounts of information. The rapid pace of change has left many in the tax community gasping for breath. There is also some feeling of lack of direction. As a result, there were so many topics I could have chosen for this lecture that I was spoilt for choice, but one common theme emerged. This is 'trust'.

Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Einstellung gegenüber Datenaustausch- und Datenerhebungsorganisationen vor und nach der Einführung der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) der EU von Personen in Deutschland zu messen. Die Daten stammen aus einer dreistufigen Split-Panel-Webbefragung unter Personen ab 18 Jahren in Deutschland, die aus einem deutschen, Nicht-Wahrscheinlichkeits-Online-Panel rekrutiert wurden. Im April 2018 (vor dem Inkrafttreten der DSGVO) füllten 2.095 Teilnehmer den Welle 1-Fragebogen über Gerätebesitz, Social Media-Nutzung, Vertrauen in verschiedene Datenerfassungsorganisationen, Bereitschaft zum Datenaustausch, allgemeines Vertrauen, Bewusstsein und Wissen über die DSGVO sowie Datenschutzbelange aus. Im Juli und Oktober 2018 (nach Inkrafttreten der DSGVO) wurden die Befragten aus den früheren Wellen zu einer zweiten und dritten Webumfrage eingeladen, die die meisten Fragen der ersten Welle wiederholte. Zusätzlich zu den Teilnehmern aus den früheren Wellen wurden auch neue Teilnehmer zu den Wellen 2 und 3 eingeladen. Insgesamt 2.046 (Welle 2) und 2.117 (Welle 3) Teilnehmer füllten den Fragebogen der folgenden Wellen aus. 1.269 Teilnehmer nahmen an allen drei Wellen teil.

Themen:

Welle 1

Besitz von Smartphone, Handy, PC, Tablet und/oder E-Book-Reader; Social-Media-Nutzung: Account mit Benutzernahme und Passwort bei ausgewählten Anbietern (Google, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Xing); Vertrauen in Institutionen (Google, Facebook, Bundesamt für Statistik, Universitätsforscher) im Hinblick auf den Schutz persönlicher Daten und Begründung diese Einschätzung; Wahrscheinlichkeitsskala im Hinblick auf den Schutz persönlicher Daten bei den zuvor genannten Institutionen und Gründe für diese Einschätzung; Einverständnis mit dem Zuspielen persönlicher Daten der Sozialversicherungsträger zu den Umfragedaten; allgemeines Personenvertrauen; Bekanntheit der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) der EU; Wissenstest: Ziele der DSGVO (offen); Gefühl verletzter Privatsphäre durch folgende Institutionen: Google, Facebook, Staatliche Behörden, Universitätsforscher; allgemeine Datenschutzbedenken.

Welle 2:

Besitz von Smartphone, Handy, PC, Tablet und/oder E-Book-Reader; Social-Media-Nutzung: Account mit Benutzernahme und Passwort bei ausgewählten Anbietern (Google, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Xing); Vertrauen in Institutionen (Google, Facebook, Bundesamt für Statistik, Universitätsforscher) im Hinblick auf den Schutz persönlicher Daten; allgemeines Personenvertrauen; Bekanntheit der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) der EU; Wissenstest: Ziele der DSGVO (offen); Einverständnis mit dem Speichern verschiedener persönlicher Daten durch Facebook bzw. Google (Name, E-Mail Adresse, Wohnadresse, Geburtsdatum, Telefonnummer, Einkommen, Familienstand, Anzahl der Kinder, aktueller Standort, Internetbrowserverlauf, Accountnamen von anderen sozialen Medien und von Dritten erhaltene Daten); Gefühl der Verletzung der Privatsphäre durch folgende Institutionen: Google, Facebook, Staatliche Behörden, Universitätsforscher; allgemeine Datenschutzbedenken.

Welle 3:

Besitz von Smartphone, Handy, PC, Tablet und/oder E-Book-Reader; Social-Media-Nutzung: Account mit Benutzernahme und Passwort bei ausgewählten Anbietern (Google, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Xing); Vertrauen in Institutionen (Google, Facebook, Bundesamt für Statistik, Universitätsforscher) im Hinblick auf den Schutz persönlicher Daten; allgemeines Personenvertrauen; Bekanntheit der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) der EU; Wissenstest: Ziele der DSGVO (offen); Besorgnis über Privatsphäre im Allgemeinen; Verständlichkeit von auszugweise wiedergegebenen Inhalten der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) der EU (bzw. zu Fluggastrechten bei Nichtbeförderung und Flugverspätungen); geschätzte Popularität von Smartphones (Anteil der Smartphonebesitzer je 100 erwachsene Deutsche); Wiederholung der Frage nach dem Vertrauen in Datenerfassungsunternehmen (Google, Facebook) im Hinblick auf den Schutz personenbezogener Daten sowie zum allgemeinen Personenvertrauen; Bereitschaft zum Datenaustausch durch Google (bzw. Facebook oder das Statistische Bundesamt) für Forschungszwecke (bzw. für kommerzielle Zwecke).

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr); Bundesland; Schulbildung; berufliche Qualifikation.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: laufende Nummer; Befragten ID; Experimentalgruppen DSGVO Info; Dauer (Reaktionszeit in Sekunden); Gerätetyp, mit dem der Fragebogen ausgefüllt wurde.

Der Fragebogen beinhaltete auch zwei Experimente, eines über die Auswirkungen von DSGVO-bezogenen Informationen auf das Vertrauen in Datenerfassungsunternehmen und eines über den Komfort des Datenaustauschs mit verschiedenen Unternehmen aus verschiedenen Gründen.

The internet is the digital reincarnation of a Greek agora or a Roman forum. It works as a "place" for public and private life. As such, it requires reliable, trustful rules to govern the daily routine of its visitors/users. The governance of the internet has gone through a significant (if not tectonic) change since its standardisation. This is clearly reflected by the changes in the concept of trust as well. Historically, trust reflected the concerns of internet users regarding the intrusion of governments into the neutral functioning of this "place". As of now, concerns regarding trust are equally present at the macro and micro level. Trust in platforms and in the content made available through the internet is at the centre of disputes nowadays. This editorial intends to provide for a selected introduction of the macro- and micro-level aspects of trust in the system and trust in the content, including content moderation, copyright law, fake news, game-making, hateful materials, leaking, social media and VPNs.

Tax compliance has been studied in economics by analysing the individual decision of a representative person between paying and evading taxes. A neglected aspect of tax compliance is the interaction of taxpayers and tax authorities. The relationship between the two actors can be understood as an implicit or psychological contract. The more strongly the political participation rights are developed, the more important this contract is, and the higher tax morale is. In this paper, empirical evidence based on a survey of tax authorities of the 26 Swiss states (cantons) is presented, indicating that the differences in the treatment of taxpayers by tax authorities can be explained by differences in political participation rights.

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "The Highway Trust Fund is the principal mechanism for funding federal highway and transit programs through receipts from excise taxes charged to highway users, such as taxes on motor fuels. The Department of Treasury (Treasury) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) each prepare estimates of future receipts for the Highway Trust Fund semiannually. Treasury's receipt estimates are combined with the Department of Transportation's (DOT) estimates of outlays to create an estimate of the Highway Trust Fund balance for the President's Budget; CBO also projects outlays to develop an estimate of the fund balance. The agencies' most recent estimates show that the Highway Account within the Highway Trust Fund could have a negative balance as early as 2009, raising concerns about whether funding for federal highway programs--which were recently authorized by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users--will continue to be met. Consequently, Congress asked us to review and compare recent estimates made by Treasury and CBO. This testimony provides information on how (1) estimates are used to provide key information about the Highway Trust Fund, (2) the most recent Highway Trust Fund estimates--based on receipt estimates made by Treasury and CBO--compare, and (3) Treasury's and CBO's estimates compare to actual receipts for recent years."