Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматривается значение исследованийработ французского археолога и путешественника барона де Бая, касающихся этнографических описаний традиций мордовского народа на территории Поволжья. При изучении учитывалось, что барон де Бай путешествовал по России на рубеже XIX и XX веков, когда этнические особенности различных национальностей уже в большей степени утрачены.Однако, если традиционные особенности и обрядовые практики все-таки сохраняются, значит, они признаются населением как самые значимые. Представляется важным, что исследуемые де Баем традиции мордовского народа, которые доживают до XX столетия, имеют языческие корни. Таким образом, исследования этнографических записок барона де Бая позволило сделать вывод о том, что, несмотря на масштаб правительственной политики христианизации, которая имела место на протяжении XVI-XIX веков,мордовское население все-таки сохраняет языческие традиции. В статье подчеркивается, что этнографические работы барона де Бая, относящиеся к XX веку, имеют важное значение, они представляют собой уникальный материал. ; L'article examine l'importance des recherches d`archologue et voyageur franais baron de Bayeconcernant les descriptions ethnographiques des traditions du peuple mordovien sur le territoire de la Volga. L'tude apris en compte le fait que le baron de Baye a voyag en Russie au tournant des XIXe et XXe sicles, lorsque les caractristiques ethniques des diffrentes nationalits sont dj perdues. Mais, si les caractristiques traditionnelles et les pratiques rituelles persistent, elles sont reconnues par la population comme les plus importantes. Il est important que les traditions du peuple mordovien tudies par de Baye, qui sont prsentes jusqu'au XXe sicle, aient des racines paennes. Ainsi, les recherches des notes ethnographiques du baron de Baye ont permis de conclure que, malgr l'ampleur de la politique gouvernementale de christianisation, qui a eu lieu tout au long du XVIe jusqu`auXIXe sicle, la population mordovienne conserve encore des traditions paennes. Dans cet article les auteurs soulignent que les notes ethnographiques du baron de Baye, qui datent du XXe sicle, ont une grande importance, elles reprsentent un matriel unique.

International audience ; Russia's Uralic peoples' written culture begun at different moments and in different ways. This article will present the main features of this evolution and will concentrate on one short but significant episode : the period, during the thirties, when the Uralic languages – as well as most of the languages of Soviet nationalities – adopted the Latin alphabet. We will analyse the origin and the reasons of such a development, its influence and consequences for the different Finno-Ugric peoples and as a conclusion, we will examine the general results and the political changes at the end of the period, which leadeverywhere to the change of Latin alphabet to Russian one. ; Kirja teke Venemaa soome-ugri rahvaste juures toimus erinevatel viisidel ja erinevatel aegadel. Sissejuhatuseks esitab käesolev artikkel selle protsessi üldjooni , et pikemalt paeatuda selle ajaloo uhe lühikese kuid tähendusrikka momendi analüüsil: kuidas kolmekümnendatel aastatel paljudes soome-ugri keeltes hakati kasutama ladina tähestikku nii nagu ka Nõukogude Liidu enamus rahvuste keeltes. Vaadeldakse esiteks selle protsessi algupära ning põhjusi siis selle mõjud erinevates soome-ugri keeltes - volga ja permi, läänemere-soome keeltes ja põhjarahvaste keeltes, võetakse kokku nende muutuste tulemusi ja lõpuks vaadeldakse, kuidas ja miks kolmekümnendate aastate lõpus minti üle kõikjal vene tähestikule. ; Le passage à l'écrit des langues finno-ougriennes de Russie s'est accompli en plusieurs étapes, à des moments différents suivant les peuples. Après avoir résumé le déroulement de ces processus pour l'ensemble de ces peuples, le présent article s'arrête sur un épisode, limité mais significatif, de cette histoire : l'utilisation, pendant une partie des années 1930, pour la plupart de ces langues, de l'alphabet latin, dans le cadre d'un mouvement plus large concernant l'ensemble des nationalité de l'URSS. Après avoir étudié les origines de ce mouvement et sa raison d'être, nous analyserons ses répercussions sur l'ensemble des langues finno-ougriennes de Russie, langues de la Volga, langues fenniques, komi et langues des peuples Nord. Enfin nous nous arrêterons sur le bilan de ces transformations et sur le passage à l'alphabet cyrillique, qui s'est réalisé pour toutes les langues à la fin de la décennie, ses raisons et ses modalités.

lecturer at Bordeaux Sciences Agro and Sciences Po Bordeaux, editor-in-chief of Confluences Méditerranée. The geopolitical news in the Middle East is tragically abundant. War in Syria, difficult political transition in Egypt, Israeli-Palestinian tensions are among the key elements of this issue. These convulsions in the Middle East actually borrow from long history. But this story is what it is because it deploys to a space of high strategic value. For more than a century, the Middle East has been suffering negative counterparts from its supposed geographical rents: the Suez Canal, which has made Egypt a route to trade, and hydrocarbon discoveries have been a major factor in this turbulent history. Even more entrenched in the long times of historeand because the neolithic revolution takes place there, agriculture in the Middle East is less under media fires. However, not only is it very real today, but it is also at the heart of the rivalry between players in territories (and in relation to territories); in other words, agriculture can be analysed from a geopolitical perspective as redefined by Yves Lacoste. Not only does it not only suffer conflicts, but it is also an important backbone, in any case in its relationship with the land and water resources it mobilises. More than that, it can be seen as a privileged instrument in certain geopolitical crises. The intersection between conflict and agriculture thus enables us to highlight a number of geopolitical functions of agriculture, which can be observed in other regions but are very prominent in the Middle East: feeder, horogenetic, spatial, political, identity and hydro-political functions are all angles of observation of an agricultural reality that escapes a strictly economic reading. Agriculture and borders The horogenesis [Foucher, 1991] or the process of creating borders is at the heart of geopolitics, as they mark a separation between often rival states. While a region has experienced the starvation of borders, it is the Middle East with its ethno ...

International audience ; Russia's Uralic peoples' written culture begun at different moments and in different ways. This article will present the main features of this evolution and will concentrate on one short but significant episode : the period, during the thirties, when the Uralic languages – as well as most of the languages of Soviet nationalities – adopted the Latin alphabet. We will analyse the origin and the reasons of such a development, its influence and consequences for the different Finno-Ugric peoples and as a conclusion, we will examine the general results and the political changes at the end of the period, which leadeverywhere to the change of Latin alphabet to Russian one. ; Kirja teke Venemaa soome-ugri rahvaste juures toimus erinevatel viisidel ja erinevatel aegadel. Sissejuhatuseks esitab käesolev artikkel selle protsessi üldjooni , et pikemalt paeatuda selle ajaloo uhe lühikese kuid tähendusrikka momendi analüüsil: kuidas kolmekümnendatel aastatel paljudes soome-ugri keeltes hakati kasutama ladina tähestikku nii nagu ka Nõukogude Liidu enamus rahvuste keeltes. Vaadeldakse esiteks selle protsessi algupära ning põhjusi siis selle mõjud erinevates soome-ugri keeltes - volga ja permi, läänemere-soome keeltes ja põhjarahvaste keeltes, võetakse kokku nende muutuste tulemusi ja lõpuks vaadeldakse, kuidas ja miks kolmekümnendate aastate lõpus minti üle kõikjal vene tähestikule. ; Le passage à l'écrit des langues finno-ougriennes de Russie s'est accompli en plusieurs étapes, à des moments différents suivant les peuples. Après avoir résumé le déroulement de ces processus pour l'ensemble de ces peuples, le présent article s'arrête sur un épisode, limité mais significatif, de cette histoire : l'utilisation, pendant une partie des années 1930, pour la plupart de ces langues, de l'alphabet latin, dans le cadre d'un mouvement plus large concernant l'ensemble des nationalité de l'URSS. Après avoir étudié les origines de ce mouvement et sa raison d'être, nous analyserons ses répercussions sur l'ensemble des ...

More than fifty years after their independence, most of the countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are still subject to the revenue generated by the export of hydrocarbons. They have difficulty to develop their economy in spite of their important capacities (natural and human). The IWD in those petroleum countries in this region is lower than some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Nowadays, Governments are facing to unemployment, corruption, informal economy, etc. And, the clear depletion of oil in the future, as the falling oil prices since 2014, are critical reasons to encourage Governments in a reflexion on the post-oil, through the promoting of national and international investments, the diversification of lines of business, non-hydrocarbons, as agriculture, industry or tourism. Mutations in MENA region, not only popular uprising in 2011 but also the advance of Islamic State, are a brake on economical reforms started in Libya, Iraq (since 2003) and Yemen. The rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and Algeria and Saudi Arabia damage the intra-regional cooperation. That is why those regional countries have to connect and collaborate, on economical and political subjects, in order to develop the economy of the entire region. ; Plus de cinquante ans après leur indépendance, la majorité des pays de la région Afrique du Nord et Moyen-Orient (MENA) demeurent tributaire des revenus générés par l'exportation des hydrocarbures. Ces pays peinent à développer leurs économies malgré les grands potentiels (humains et naturels) dont ils disposent. L'indice de développement humain dans beaucoup de pays pétroliers de la région est plus inférieur que dans certains pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne ou de l'Amérique latine. Les gouvernements de ces pays sont confrontés aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, aux problèmes de chômage, de la corruption, de l'économie informelle, etc. L'épuisement certain, dans les quelques années à venir, du pétrole, ainsi que la chute des prix depuis mi 2014, sont les ...

More than fifty years after their independence, most of the countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are still subject to the revenue generated by the export of hydrocarbons. They have difficulty to develop their economy in spite of their important capacities (natural and human). The IWD in those petroleum countries in this region is lower than some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Nowadays, Governments are facing to unemployment, corruption, informal economy, etc. And, the clear depletion of oil in the future, as the falling oil prices since 2014, are critical reasons to encourage Governments in a reflexion on the post-oil, through the promoting of national and international investments, the diversification of lines of business, non-hydrocarbons, as agriculture, industry or tourism. Mutations in MENA region, not only popular uprising in 2011 but also the advance of Islamic State, are a brake on economical reforms started in Libya, Iraq (since 2003) and Yemen. The rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and Algeria and Saudi Arabia damage the intra-regional cooperation. That is why those regional countries have to connect and collaborate, on economical and political subjects, in order to develop the economy of the entire region. ; Plus de cinquante ans après leur indépendance, la majorité des pays de la région Afrique du Nord et Moyen-Orient (MENA) demeurent tributaire des revenus générés par l'exportation des hydrocarbures. Ces pays peinent à développer leurs économies malgré les grands potentiels (humains et naturels) dont ils disposent. L'indice de développement humain dans beaucoup de pays pétroliers de la région est plus inférieur que dans certains pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne ou de l'Amérique latine. Les gouvernements de ces pays sont confrontés aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, aux problèmes de chômage, de la corruption, de l'économie informelle, etc. L'épuisement certain, dans les quelques années à venir, du pétrole, ainsi que la chute des prix depuis mi 2014, sont les ...

More than fifty years after their independence, most of the countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are still subject to the revenue generated by the export of hydrocarbons. They have difficulty to develop their economy in spite of their important capacities (natural and human). The IWD in those petroleum countries in this region is lower than some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Nowadays, Governments are facing to unemployment, corruption, informal economy, etc. And, the clear depletion of oil in the future, as the falling oil prices since 2014, are critical reasons to encourage Governments in a reflexion on the post-oil, through the promoting of national and international investments, the diversification of lines of business, non-hydrocarbons, as agriculture, industry or tourism. Mutations in MENA region, not only popular uprising in 2011 but also the advance of Islamic State, are a brake on economical reforms started in Libya, Iraq (since 2003) and Yemen. The rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and Algeria and Saudi Arabia damage the intra-regional cooperation. That is why those regional countries have to connect and collaborate, on economical and political subjects, in order to develop the economy of the entire region. ; Plus de cinquante ans après leur indépendance, la majorité des pays de la région Afrique du Nord et Moyen-Orient (MENA) demeurent tributaire des revenus générés par l'exportation des hydrocarbures. Ces pays peinent à développer leurs économies malgré les grands potentiels (humains et naturels) dont ils disposent. L'indice de développement humain dans beaucoup de pays pétroliers de la région est plus inférieur que dans certains pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne ou de l'Amérique latine. Les gouvernements de ces pays sont confrontés aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, aux problèmes de chômage, de la corruption, de l'économie informelle, etc. L'épuisement certain, dans les quelques années à venir, du pétrole, ainsi que la chute des prix depuis mi 2014, sont les ...

En raison de différentes conditions naturelles, politiques et économiques, on peut constater de nettes différences dans la répartition territoriale et le développement temporel des villes du Moyen Âge tardif dans la Grande Région. Sur la carte « Villes du Moyen Âge tardif » sont représentées les cités qui pouvaient être désignées, au Moyen Âge tardif, c'est-à-dire entre le début du 13e siècle et l'an 1500, comme ville. Le respect de plusieurs critères, fixés par la définition de la ville du Moyen Âge tardif, est primordial. ; Due to different natural, political and economic conditions, there are clear differences in the territorial distribution and temporal development of late medieval towns in the Greater Region. The map 'Cities of the Late Middle Ages' shows the cities which could be designated as cities in the Late Middle Ages, i.e. between the beginning of the 13th century and the year 1500. It is important that the definition of a late medieval town meets several criteria. ; Aufgrund unterschiedlicher natürlicher, politischer und wirtschaftlicher Bedingungen lassen sich deutliche Unterschiede in der räumlichen Verteilung und zeitlichen Entwicklung der spätmittelalterlichen Städte in der Großregion feststellen. Auf der Karte "Städte des Spätmittelalters" sind die Städte dargestellt, die im Spätmittelalter, d.h. zwischen dem Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts und dem Jahr 1500, als Stadt bezeichnet werden konnten. Die Erfüllung mehrerer Kriterien, die in der Definition der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt festgelegt sind, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung.

Introduction – The lack of physical activity is a major societal challenge. In a context of increasing inactivity, physical fitness represents not only an important health indicator, but also one of the objectives of public, national and European policies targeted at the youngest populations. The aim of this investigation is to study the link between two determinants of health: body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in teenagers. Methods – Physical fitness tests were carried out from 2007 to 2014 in six French regions among 49,631 high school children, aged from 11 to 18 years old. Sprint and endurance speed distributions, as well as the 3 minute shuttle-run sprint test, were assessed by age, sex and BMI through analyzes of variance and density functions. Results – The mean speeds measured in endurance and sprint tests do not vary over time, but progress with age. They are higher in boys. Children with normal BMI have higher mean speeds than overweight or obese ones (p<0.05). Density functions according to speed gradients identify an optimal BMI range for physical fitness. Discussion-Conclusion – Children and adolescents physical fitness varies with sex and age in response to speed distributions during sprint and shuttle-run sprint tests. As with the functions of survival or athletic performance, it changes with BMI as a result of a lack of active muscle mass or excess body fat. A healthy weight in the ideal BMI range allows for an optimal fitness. To simplify its measure, physical fitness (assessed by the speed of movement) can be used as an indicator of the level of physical activity practiced to assess health impacts on large populations. ; National audience Introduction – La sédentarité devient un enjeu majeur de société. Dans un contexte d'inactivité croissante, la condition physique représente désormais un important déterminant de santé autant qu'un objectif des politiques publiques, nationales et européennes, ciblant en particulier les plus jeunes. L'objectif de notre étude était analyser le lien ...

National audience ; Introduction – The lack of physical activity is a major societal challenge. In a context of increasing inactivity, physical fitness represents not only an important health indicator, but also one of the objectives of public, national and European policies targeted at the youngest populations. The aim of this investigation is to study the link between two determinants of health: body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in teenagers. Methods – Physical fitness tests were carried out from 2007 to 2014 in six French regions among 49,631 high school children, aged from 11 to 18 years old. Sprint and endurance speed distributions, as well as the 3 minute shuttle-run sprint test, were assessed by age, sex and BMI through analyzes of variance and density functions. Results – The mean speeds measured in endurance and sprint tests do not vary over time, but progress with age. They are higher in boys. Children with normal BMI have higher mean speeds than overweight or obese ones (p<0.05). Density functions according to speed gradients identify an optimal BMI range for physical fitness. Discussion-Conclusion – Children and adolescents physical fitness varies with sex and age in response to speed distributions during sprint and shuttle-run sprint tests. As with the functions of survival or athletic performance, it changes with BMI as a result of a lack of active muscle mass or excess body fat. A healthy weight in the ideal BMI range allows for an optimal fitness. To simplify its measure, physical fitness (assessed by the speed of movement) can be used as an indicator of the level of physical activity practiced to assess health impacts on large populations. ; Introduction – La sédentarité devient un enjeu majeur de société. Dans un contexte d'inactivité croissante, la condition physique représente désormais un important déterminant de santé autant qu'un objectif des politiques publiques, nationales et européennes, ciblant en particulier les plus jeunes. L'objectif de notre étude était analyser le lien ...

National audience ; Introduction – The lack of physical activity is a major societal challenge. In a context of increasing inactivity, physical fitness represents not only an important health indicator, but also one of the objectives of public, national and European policies targeted at the youngest populations. The aim of this investigation is to study the link between two determinants of health: body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in teenagers. Methods – Physical fitness tests were carried out from 2007 to 2014 in six French regions among 49,631 high school children, aged from 11 to 18 years old. Sprint and endurance speed distributions, as well as the 3 minute shuttle-run sprint test, were assessed by age, sex and BMI through analyzes of variance and density functions. Results – The mean speeds measured in endurance and sprint tests do not vary over time, but progress with age. They are higher in boys. Children with normal BMI have higher mean speeds than overweight or obese ones (p<0.05). Density functions according to speed gradients identify an optimal BMI range for physical fitness. Discussion-Conclusion – Children and adolescents physical fitness varies with sex and age in response to speed distributions during sprint and shuttle-run sprint tests. As with the functions of survival or athletic performance, it changes with BMI as a result of a lack of active muscle mass or excess body fat. A healthy weight in the ideal BMI range allows for an optimal fitness. To simplify its measure, physical fitness (assessed by the speed of movement) can be used as an indicator of the level of physical activity practiced to assess health impacts on large populations. ; Introduction – La sédentarité devient un enjeu majeur de société. Dans un contexte d'inactivité croissante, la condition physique représente désormais un important déterminant de santé autant qu'un objectif des politiques publiques, nationales et européennes, ciblant en particulier les plus jeunes. L'objectif de notre étude était analyser le lien ...

National audience ; Introduction – The lack of physical activity is a major societal challenge. In a context of increasing inactivity, physical fitness represents not only an important health indicator, but also one of the objectives of public, national and European policies targeted at the youngest populations. The aim of this investigation is to study the link between two determinants of health: body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in teenagers. Methods – Physical fitness tests were carried out from 2007 to 2014 in six French regions among 49,631 high school children, aged from 11 to 18 years old. Sprint and endurance speed distributions, as well as the 3 minute shuttle-run sprint test, were assessed by age, sex and BMI through analyzes of variance and density functions. Results – The mean speeds measured in endurance and sprint tests do not vary over time, but progress with age. They are higher in boys. Children with normal BMI have higher mean speeds than overweight or obese ones (p<0.05). Density functions according to speed gradients identify an optimal BMI range for physical fitness. Discussion-Conclusion – Children and adolescents physical fitness varies with sex and age in response to speed distributions during sprint and shuttle-run sprint tests. As with the functions of survival or athletic performance, it changes with BMI as a result of a lack of active muscle mass or excess body fat. A healthy weight in the ideal BMI range allows for an optimal fitness. To simplify its measure, physical fitness (assessed by the speed of movement) can be used as an indicator of the level of physical activity practiced to assess health impacts on large populations. ; Introduction – La sédentarité devient un enjeu majeur de société. Dans un contexte d'inactivité croissante, la condition physique représente désormais un important déterminant de santé autant qu'un objectif des politiques publiques, nationales et européennes, ciblant en particulier les plus jeunes. L'objectif de notre étude était analyser le lien ...

My research looks into the institutional, operational and material aspects of medieval towns' military organisation. The research is concentrated on (what is today) the French speaking part of Switzerland – the so-called Romandie. Today, this region is part of the Switzerland. During the Middle Ages, however, it was divided into many entities and subject of different polities. This impacted the institutional, social and, of course, military development of the various towns in the area.

This research on medieval archaeology focuses on the influence of local and regional powers on the territory occupation of the village of Forcalquier and on its architecture. Our purpose is to clarify the evolution of the occupation of this territory in the period going from IX to XIII century. This period gives us the opportunity to understand the implications of the local political and religious powers and to perceive the social, cultural and material changes which are common to the medieval West. The religious spaces and the political spaces created around Forcalquier a real mosaic of territories, where the diversity of the dominating institutions is shown by material vestiges. This study hopes to contribute to a deeper knowledge of the medieval Provence. ; Cette recherche d'archéologie médiévale a pour objet l'incidence des pouvoirs locaux et régionaux sur l'occupation du territoire du pays de Forcalquier et sur son architecture. Nous nous sommes proposé d'éclairer les évolutions de l'occupation de ce territoire sur une séquence chronologique allant du IXe au XIIIe siècle. Cette période permet d'appréhender les implications des pouvoirs locaux tant politiques que religieux et de percevoir les mutations sociales, culturelles et matérielles communes à l'Occident médiéval. Les espaces religieux et les espaces politiques ont formé autour de Forcalquier une véritable mosaïque de terroirs dont la diversité de l'institution qui la dominait apparaît par le biais du vestige matériel. L'étude souhaite apporter sa contribution à une meilleure connaissance de la Provence médiévale.

This research on medieval archaeology focuses on the influence of local and regional powers on the territory occupation of the village of Forcalquier and on its architecture. Our purpose is to clarify the evolution of the occupation of this territory in the period going from IX to XIII century. This period gives us the opportunity to understand the implications of the local political and religious powers and to perceive the social, cultural and material changes which are common to the medieval West. The religious spaces and the political spaces created around Forcalquier a real mosaic of territories, where the diversity of the dominating institutions is shown by material vestiges. This study hopes to contribute to a deeper knowledge of the medieval Provence. ; Cette recherche d'archéologie médiévale a pour objet l'incidence des pouvoirs locaux et régionaux sur l'occupation du territoire du pays de Forcalquier et sur son architecture. Nous nous sommes proposé d'éclairer les évolutions de l'occupation de ce territoire sur une séquence chronologique allant du IXe au XIIIe siècle. Cette période permet d'appréhender les implications des pouvoirs locaux tant politiques que religieux et de percevoir les mutations sociales, culturelles et matérielles communes à l'Occident médiéval. Les espaces religieux et les espaces politiques ont formé autour de Forcalquier une véritable mosaïque de terroirs dont la diversité de l'institution qui la dominait apparaît par le biais du vestige matériel. L'étude souhaite apporter sa contribution à une meilleure connaissance de la Provence médiévale.