Suchergebnisse

The process of training and development of the Bar Institute at the beginning of the judicial reform of 1864 (Reshetnikova, 2014), dates to the government of Alexander II, on the example of the Volga region and the Urals, discusses the main directions and characteristics of the professional activity of lawyers in the region. It is a documentary and historical study that pays special attention to the formation of the Institute of Defense for a deeper understanding of its essence and its inherent characteristics. Currently, there is an objective need for a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the history of the training and development of the Bar Institute. The judicial system was divided into provincial and county. For the provincial system were the Criminal Cases Chamber of the civil court, provincial court, high provincial court, provincial magistrate, superior punishment; and for county - County Court, lower district court. The results can be concluded that the judicial system of the Russian Empire after the successful reform established a powerful and independent Defense Institute. The judicial reform of 1864 created a completely new professional group, which was very important for the legal future of the Russian Empire.

This article shows the territorial and temporal variations of the armed conflict in the region of the El Caguan. The explanations which associate the region only with the exclusive domain of the FARC, with coca crops, and the absence of the State, are addressed in it, and also, the territory is considered to be a homogeneous and undifferentiated reality. To propose that the armed conflict in the El Caguan has not been a continuous and homogeneous process, but which was developed heterogeneously in space and time, with large variations according to the dynamics of the population and the social and political settings of the territory. That is why in this article, the factors that explain the modalities of inclusion, intensity discrete levels of the armed conflict in the foothills of San Vicente del Caguan and the middle and lower areas of the Caguan River will be shown. These differences must be taken into account to meet the challenges posed by the current negotiation with the FARC and they are the input to realize what has been called the territorial dimension of the post-conflict.

Analyzes Russia's foreign policy trends since the fall of the Soviet Union; includes regional issues, relations with world powers, expansion of NATO, and Russia's presence in the Middle East. Summary in English.

Examines water resources in the Mediterranean region; some focus on potential conflict in the Middle East river basin.

The most important economic, political, & social changes in the Middle East that are a consequence of the end of the Cold War & the Persian Gulf War are examined, as well as the opportunities & challenges that Middle Eastern countries now face. It is posited that different answers to new realities, either in adapting or resisting regional & international transformations, are outcomes of both competing divergent social projects & the new force correlation that exists in the region & in the international power distribution. Adapted from the source document.

During the 1994-2000 administration, Mexico's diversification strategy in foreign policy explored possibilities in the Middle East. To illustrate this, several cases are studies: The reevaluation of the peace process in the Middle East & of relations with Palestine authorities; reevaluation of relations with Israel & Lebanon, & evaluation of the Persian Gulf-Arabian conflict. Because of matters having to do with international stability, the regional conflicts have repercussions on Mexico, because of its proximity to the US; impact on the oil market, which is vital to Mexico; & the number of Mexicans -- Jewish & Lebanese -- whose origins are in the Orient. However, Mexico's trade with this region, which has historically been erratic & circumstantial, continues to face serious obstacles. Beyond the viability of a commercial exchange, this region poses serious problems in international law, whose doctrinarian defense has always been essential to Mexico's foreign policy. Adapted from the source document.

Turkey's profile in the Middle East has grown in recent years. The current presence of a significant number of US troops in Iraqi territory as of 2003, as well as the arrival of the Party of Justice and Development to power in the parliamentary elections of November 2002 and its consolidation in the July 2007 elections, are two decisive factors that explain the dramatic change in Turkey's position vis-a-vis its immediate neighbors and in its foreign-policy priorities. On reviewing the change in Turkey's relations with Israel, Iran, Iraq and Syria from the Cold War years of to the period following 9/11, it can be supposed that the improved relations between Turkey and its neighbors will facilitate regional cooperation. For this to occur and produce tangible results for the entire region, Turkey should find effective, lasting solutions to the conflictive problems that exist with its immediate neighbors. Adapted from the source document.

Political instability and threats to military security in the Mediterranean region, focusing on the Israeli-Arab conflict, the Kurdish problem, and impact of the Gulf war on the region; 7 articles. Summaries in English p. 213-5.

Vladimir Putin's diplomacy is a mix of patriotic & nationalistic rhetoric with rational & opportunistic pragmatism ?though no significant contradiction may be said to be in there. The former is aimed basically at Russian citizens & overall internal order, in general, while the latter intends to send a conciliatory message to foreign powers & is mirrored in the foreign management of the Russian state. This somehow paradoxical blend matches perfectly with the goals of the government: to reconcile the society with its complex historical past, with itself & with the external world. Russian diplomacy is aware that the ambition of restoring the space of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is unreal & idealistic, & it therefore focuses its efforts on establishing integration at different levels & speeds, but always having the Central Asian & post-soviet Caucasian regions as main priorities. Russia's foreign policy preserves the major aspects approved since 2000, namely, its relationships with the CIS countries, Europe & the United States. However, in all three cases Russia's practical position has significantly varied, bearing constantly in mind the relevance of merging nationalism & pragmatism elements &, above all, the defense of national interests. Currently, the Russian government feels more confident & strong to act with more autonomy in the international scenario, as a result of the country's boom in terms of growth, a significant increase of foreign investment in Russian economy, & the unconditional support it has at the internal level, despite its authoritarian measures & the increased centralization of power. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the political situation in the Near East and other Islamic countries in the 1990s; regional integration in the Arab world, regional security in the Persian Gulf region, the peace agreements between Israel and the PLO, the Islamic Salvation Front in Algeria, Jewish fundamentalist groups, geopolitics in Central Asia, and Near Eastern studies in Mexico; 8 articles.