Suchergebnisse

The sheer size of the Russian foreign debt in 1917 has profoundly affected our view of the influence of foreign capital on tsarist diplomacy. It has been argued by both Western and Soviet historians that Russian foreign relations were in good part influenced by, or even determined by, Russia's debtor status to France and—to a lesser degree—to Great Britain. Thus a Western historian argued recently that in the last years of tsarist rule "foreign credit became a tool of power politics and a limitation on Russian sovereignty in general. … Between 1887 and 1917 Russian policy was tied to French policy, inasmuch as French investments were controlled, to a large extent, by the French Government." Recently published Soviet works, while revising Stalin's judgment that Russia was economically a semicolony of Western capital, continue to assert that the "financial-economic dependence on the capital, continue to assert that the "financial-economic dependence on the Entente countries pushed tsarist Russia into a military alliance with them."

Chapter Introduction -- chapter 1 Tribal communal commitment -- chapter 2 Residential communal commitment -- chapter 3 Pre-tsarist tribal political integration -- chapter 4 Dynastic rule in the river oases: between tribalism and patrimonialism -- chapter 5 The tsarist administration and its impact on communal commitment -- chapter 6 Tsarist protectorates -- chapter 7 Prospects.

All national security systems have their methods of keeping track of subversive activity. No doubt a certain number of members of subversive organizations are also police agents, and no doubt a number of police agents are also members of subversive organizations. This is as likely to have been as true of Tsarist Russia as of anywhere else. Certainly the penetration of police agents into the revolutionary movement and of revolutionaries into the secret police was carried to such lengths that in a number of well known cases it was impossible to tell whose interests were being served by certain individuals. In this article I describe four such cases—E. F. Asev, organizer of the assassination of the Russian Minister of the Interior in 1904 and of the Grand Duke Sergius in 1905; Father G. A. Gapon, the priest who led the procession of workers on "Bloody Sunday" in 1905; Bogrov, the assassin of the Russian Prime Minister in 1911; and R. V. Malinovsky, who was leader of the Bolsheviks in the Duma from 1912 until 1914.

This study, written from the perspective of political sociology, represents the first comparative examination of Central Asian communal and political organisation before and after the tsarist conquest of the region. It covers Turkman, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and other tribal societies, analyses the patrimonial state structures of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanates of Khiva and Khokand, and discusses the impacts of the established tsarist civil military administration on communal and political orientations of the Muslim population.

This article presents a conceptual history of socialism in two Western borderlands
of the Russian Empire—namely, the Kingdom of Poland and the
Grand Duchy of Finland. A contrastive comparison is used to examine the
birth, dissemination, and breakthrough of the concept from its first appearance
until the Revolution of 1905. The concept entered Polish political conversation
as a self-applied label among émigrés in the 1830s, whereas the
opponents of socialism made it famous in Finland in the 1840s in Swedish
and in the 1860s in Finnish. When socialism became a mass movement at
the turn of the century, socialist parties (re)defined the concept through
underground leaflets and brochures in Poland, and through a legal labor
press in Finland. In both cases, the Revolution of 1905 meant the final democratization
of socialism, attaching more meanings to the concept and
making it the most discussed ism of modern politics.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1958