Suchergebnisse

One of the last Prussian Reforms during the Napoleonic Era was the constitution of local autonomy for the cities. Proof of its lasting importance is that it was the cities that carried out the deficit-based employment policies of the early 1930s also had to carry the burden of a democratic reconstitution of Germany in the postwar period. After the crushing defeat at Napoleon's hands, likewise the reconstitution of Prussia fell to the cities. Today, the same constellation of problems can be found on different stages. Europe, as it is growing together, faces a democracy deficit which ultimately

This is a draft chapter for B. R. Chiswick and P. W. Miller (eds.) Handbook on the Economics of International Migration. It provides an overview of trends and developments in international migration since the industrial revolution. We focus principally on long-distance migration to rich destination countries, the settler economies in the nineteenth century and later the OECD. The chapter describes the structure, direction and determinants of migration flows and the assimilation experience of migrants. It also examines the impact of migration on destination and source countries, and explores the political economy behind the evolution of immigration policy. We provide an historical context for current debates on immigration and immigration policy and we conclude by speculating on future trends.

The present study analyzes computer performance over the last century and a half. Three results stand out. First, there has been a phenomenal increase in computer power over the twentieth century. Depending upon the standard used, computer performance has improved since manual computing by a factor between 1.7 trillion and 76 trillion. Second, there was a major break in the trend around World War II. Third, this study develops estimates of the growth in computer power relying on performance rather than components; the price declines using performance-based measures are markedly larger than those reported in the official statistics.

The defining feature of modern society is change - it never rests or provides its members or researchers the comfort and certainty of having attained an adequate understanding of its operations, how it functions, or where it is. Society in Flux: Two Centuries of Social Theory traces how tensions between order, process, structure and agency, and modes of analyzing them have evolved over the last two centuries. Understanding that modern society is perpetually in flux, albeit not across the board, but in different regards at different times, and in different locations or regions, this volume delves into three modes of theorizing: critical theory, classical theory, and systems theory - each representing a different level of reflexivity and a particular way of approaching modern societies. The authors discuss globally known theorists such as August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emil Lederer, Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, and Niklas Luhmann to present perspectives, analyses, and insights that refer to and are relevant in the social world today.

This essay reviews the following works:Before the Flood: The Itaipu Dam and the Visibility of Rural Brazil. By Jacob Blanc. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. 320. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478004899.For Land and Liberty: Black Struggles in Rural Brazil. By Merle L. Bowen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xxii + 248. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108832359.Agriculture and Industry in Brazil: Innovation and Competitiveness. By Albert Fishlow and José Eustáquio Ribeiro Vieira Filho. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 244. $70.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780231549523.Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo. By Paulo Fontes. Foreword by Barbara Weinstein. Translated from the Portuguese by Ned Sublette. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Pp. xvi + 280. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822361343.An Economic and Demographic History of São Paulo 1850–1950. By Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xxviii + 448. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503602007.Brazil's Long Revolution: Radical Achievements of the Landless Workers Movement. By Anthony Pahnke. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018. Pp. xx + 274. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816536030.

For a thousand years France has struggled to impose unity upon its diverse components. For most of the time its leaders have sought to define its identity by opposition to the 'Anglo-Saxons': first England, then Britain and the USA. The prologue explores France's self-image by contrast with the Anglo-American counter-identity. Part one deals with the unfinished Revolution from 1789 to 1878 when the Third Republic achieved relative stability. After examining the variety of symbolic representatives of Frenchness in the search for democratic legitimacy and national unanimity, the enduring divisio