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Preface -- Introduction -- Translation of Rafʻ al-Malām ʻan al-A'immat al-Aʻlām -- Reasons behind the divergence of a scholar's opinion from a ḥadīth -- The opinions of scholars and the question of error -- Can a scholar who fails to adhere to the implications of a text be chastened -- The Purpose of Threats of punishment within textual evidence -- The implications of categorical and probable ḥadīths -- General and Specific Threats of Punishment -- Categorical Proof and the Threat of Punishment -- Threat(s) of Punishment in case of difference of Opinion -- The domain of ḥadīths comprising threats of Punishment -- Are the independent scholar (mujtahid) and the imitator (muqallid), beyond the jurisdiction of punishment? -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.