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Wie könnte ein gerechter Staat aussehen? Wie eine gerechte Gesellschaft? In seiner "Politeia" entwirft Platon einen Idealstaat: Männer und Frauen der herrschenden Klasse sind gleichberechtigt, es gibt weder Heirat noch Familie oder persönlichen Besitz, alle Kinder werden gemeinsam erzogen, eine kultivierte Elite wacht über Recht und Ordnung, und Philosophen lenken die Staatsgeschicke. Nicht das persönliche Glück ist das Ziel, sondern das Wohl des Staates.

"Offers intermediate Greek students a reliable, up-to-date introduction to Plato's most influential work. Plato's Greek is not difficult, but his ideas have generated considerable controversy. Book I serves as a dramatic introduction to them, with its memorable confrontation between Socrates and the sophist Thrasymachus over the nature of justice"--

Englische Ausgabe mit griechischen Abstracts / English edition with Greek abstracts Taking Action rückt die nachhaltige Gestaltung urbaner Transformation und die Vorbereitung dicht strukturierter Stadträume auf zukünftige Herausforderungen in den Fokus. Wie lassen sich Klimawandel und räumliche Disparitäten unter Krisenbedingungen und angesichts begrenzter räumlicher und sonstiger Ressourcen bewältigen? Wie können ehrgeizige und umfassende Ziele mit der Realität lokaler Bedingungen und Alltagsräumen in Einklang gebracht werden? Und wie kann Wissen in Handeln umgesetzt werden? Während derzeit überall in Europa die grundlegenden räumlichen Beziehungen in Städten neu verhandelt werden, konzentrieren sich in Athen einige der dringlichsten urbanen Probleme und machen die Stadt zu einem einzigartigen Experimentierfeld. Die Autor*innen nähern sich diesen multidimensionalen Fragen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven an, um mögliche Interventionsräume zu identifizieren, neue Transformationsmodelle vorzuschlagen und die Potenziale der urbanen Landschaften für einen positiven Wandel zu aktivieren

"This is an anthology of private funerary poems in Greek from the archaic period until later antiquity. The vast majority of these poems were inscribed on tombs or grave stelai and served to identify, celebrate and mourn the dead. It is not in fact very difficult to distinguish such 'funerary' poems from other types of inscription, even if there are important overlaps in style and subject between, say, some honorific and some epitaphic verse-inscriptions; what can be much more difficult, however, is to distinguish 'public' from 'private' inscriptions, and indeed to decide what, if anything, is at stake in the distinction and how that distinction changed over time. Our earliest verse epitaphs seem to be 'private', in the sense that, as far as we can tell, they were designed and erected by the family of the deceased. For the fifth century, however, our evidence is predominantly Attic, and, from the first three-quarters of the century in particular, we have very few clearly 'private' such inscriptions, as opposed to those either sponsored or displayed (or both) by public authorities; this was the age of public burials and public commemorations in polyandry or 'multiple tombs', which (quite literally) embodied the spirit of public service demanded of male citizens. 'Private' poems too, of course, reflected the ideology of the city in which they were displayed, and we must not assume that a 'public-private' distinction mapped exactly on to some ancient equivalent of a modern 'official-unofficial' one. 'Private' inscriptions, for example, might need 'public' blessing to be erected in a particularly prominent place or even to use a particular language of praise."--

"Until recent times, Iran regularly had to cope with local or national famines. The various governments, until the second decade of the twentieth century, had neither a policy nor institutional arrangements to deal with grain shortages, artificial or not, and the resulting famines. In severe cases of famine governments might have temporarily intervened in the market, but usually they left care for the hungry to private philanthropy. Invariably, this private effort was inadequate when compared to needs. Although there were earlier incidental efforts, it was only as of 1918 that a beginning was made for more permanent and structural pro-active measures to prevent rather than to combat famine. The creation of the Edareh-ye arzaq or Alimentation Service in Tehran and Tabriz to ensure food security saved thousands of lives in the years that followed. Despite this result, its work is almost totally ignored; there is not even an encyclopedia article about its activities. In this study, Willem Floor discusses the early efforts to combat famine as well as the beginning of a more targeted and structural approach developed by Lambert Molitor in Tabriz during 1917-18 as well as its application in Tehran as of 1918. Whereas in Tabriz, after 1918, the approach was reactive, in Tehran a pro-active program was developed, which as of 1922 became part of the tasks of the Millspaugh mission. During 1926-27 there was even a quasi-national food security program. After Millspaugh's departure in 1927 the food security of Tehran became an entirely Iranian affair, which as of 1935 was transferred from the Alimentation Service to a State company that had a national food security responsibility." --