Suchergebnisse

The urgency of the topic of establishing the types of housing is due to the fact that none of the regulatory act does not contain a clear definition of the types of housing, in particular, a complete classification of housing according to its possible types has not been established. The lack of a unified approach to the types of housing makes it impossible to establish the legal regime of a particular housing at the legislative level. The author has offered the classification of housing according to the following criteria: 1) by designation; 2) according to planned and technical construction; 3) by the level of comfort and social orientation; 4) according to the type of housing stock. Housing by designation is divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent housing is a dwelling that is suitable and intended for permanent residence of a person. Temporary housing is a dwelling intended for a person to reside for a term up to one year and has minimum eligibility conditions that ensure the safe residence of a person. Housing according to planned and technical construction is divided into residential buildings, parts of residential buildings, apartments, residential premises. Commercial and social housing are called as types of housing according to the level of comfort and social orientation. Commercial housing is a dwelling with a high level of comfort, due to the size of the living space, housing design, location, infrastructure level. Social housing is a dwelling that meets architectural and planning, technical norms and sanitary-hygienic requirements established by the state building norms for such housing, and that is suitable for living. The types of housing have been also determined in accordance with the relevant classification of the housing stock. ; Запропоновано класифікацію житла за такими критеріями: 1) за призначенням (постійне, тимчасове проживання); 2) за планово-технічною конструкцією; 3) за рівнем комфорту та соціальної спрямованості; 4) за видами житлових фондів. Визначено також види житла згідно з відповідною класифікацією житлового фонду.

Background: Safety in the housing environment is a basic human need and may be a prerequisite for health but studies from the perspective of the residents are limited in the literature. Although historically public health research has recognized the housing environment as an important determinant of health, there is a need for more research on how housing conditions influence residential well-being. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to examine factors and conditions associated with residential well-being and perceived safety in different types of housing areas and to compare safety promotion intervention designs based on residents self-expressed safety needs with corresponding designs developed by local government professionals. Materials and methods: A postal survey (response rate 56%, n=2476) and 11 focus groups (57 participants) were conducted among the residents in 3 small-scale housing areas with detached houses and 3 housing areas with blocks of flats in a Swedish municipality. The areas were geographically contiguous as each of the small-scale areas bordered on an area with blocks of flats. The study municipality is a designated member of WHO Safe Community network that have signed up to work in line with the indicators developed by WHO Collaborating Centre on Community Safety Promotion. Narrative data from a postal questionnaire were used to analyze the lay perspective and identify features perceived to be necessary to feel safe by residents in areas with blocks of flats and small-scale housing areas. Quantitative data were used to examine correlates of local safety-related concerns through a factor analysis. Logistic regression analysis examined associations between high-level scores of the safetyrelated dimensions found and area-level crime rate and being a victim of crime, area reputation, gender, age, education, country of birth, household civil status and type of housing. To examine how self-assessed area reputation is associated with social trust and residential well-being, a multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using quantitative data, controlling for the random effect of neighbourhood- and individual-level socio-demographic factors. Data from focus group interviews were analyzed to identify mechanisms of how neighbourhood reputation was established. The quality function deployment (QFD) technique was used in a case study to integrate residents' demands into the design of safety promotion interventions in housing areas. The resulting design was then compared with the safety intervention programme designed by professionals at the municipality administrative office. The results from this comparison were then investigated to identify improvements for the indicators for Safe Homes in the Safe Community programme. Results: The residents' narratives showed that a stable social structure in the housing area was perceived to be the central factor in a safety-supportive residential environment. Whereas maintenance of good and reassuring relations was emphasized in small-scale housing areas, support for management of poor or even fear-provoking neighbour relations was requested from areas with blocks of flats. The crime rates were lower and safety-related concerns were less in small-scale housing areas. Three composite dimensions (CD) of perceived residential safety were identified: structural indicators of social disorder (CD 1); contact with disorderly behaviour (CD 2); and existential insecurity (CD 3). Area-level crime rates and individual-level variables were associated with dimensions (CD 1) and (CD 3), but only individuallevel variables were associated with dimension (CD 2). The level of residential well-being and social trust was higher in small-scale areas. The housing area reputation was found to be strongly associated with safety-related concerns, residential well-being and social trust. The area reputation also seemed to be a determinant of position in the local social structure; residents were found to position themselves in a rank order. The QFD analysis showed that the initiation and maintenance of social integrative processes in housing areas were the most highly prioritized interventions among the residents, but the analysis did not highlight the safety needs of several vulnerable groups. The Safe Community programme designed by professionals did not address the social integrative processes, but did cover the vulnerable groups. Conclusions: Area reputation is an important and probably underestimated dimension in the development of residential well-being and perceived safety. The QFD technique can be added to the methodological toolbox for residential safety promotion. The technique is particular suitable for providing a quality orientation from the lay perspective on safety promotion in local residential areas. The current Safe Homes concept in the Safe Community programme would benefit from being widened to Safe Housing.

'Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß soziale Differenzierung räumliche Differenzierung bewirkt, sind die Wohngebiete der Befragten des Sozialwissenschaften-Bus 2/1995 nach stadt- und wohnquartierstypisierenden Merkmalen klassifiziert worden. Ziel war es, im West-Ost-Vergleich herauszufinden, welcher Typ Stadtbewohner welchen Quartierstyp bewohnt bzw. sogar dominiert. Untersucht wurden die in den unterschiedlichen Wohnquartierstypen lebenden Befragten des Surveys hinsichtlich ihres sozio-ökonomischen Status und hinsichtlich ihrer sozio-demographischen Merkmale.' (Autorenreferat)

"Die Gesellschaft ist im Wandel. Wie die meisten Industrienationen befindet sich Deutschland derzeit in einer Phase tief greifender Veränderungen. Herkunft, Größe und Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung stehen in einem dynamischen Prozess; mehr als wohl jemals zuvor sind die Entwicklungspfade der Bevölkerungsstruktur im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit. Der Demografische Wandel und speziell die massiven Verschiebungen innerhalb des Altersaufbaus der Bevölkerung sind überall präsent. Dies hat Auswirkungen auf die Art und Weise wie die Menschen miteinander leben, wie sie denken und arbeiten. Sämtliche gesellschaftlichen Teilbereiche - ob wirtschaftlicher Strukturwandel, Neuausrichtung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme oder wissenschaftlich-technischer Fortschritt etc. - müssen sich dieser Herausforderung stellen. Diskutiert wird dieser Wandel der Bevölkerungsstrukturen zumeist im ablehnenden Kontext. Überalterung, Geburtenrückgang, 'von der Tanne zum Pilz' (Opaschowski, 2004, S. 31) - betrachtet man die gängigen Beschreibungen des Phänomens Demografischer Wandel, bekommt man sehr schnell den Eindruck, dass die prognostizierten Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft ausschließlich negativen Charakters sind. Oft hat es zudem den Anschein, dass man diesem Prozess mit all seinen vermeintlich negativen Auswirkungen hilflos ausgeliefert sei. Doch sind die Folgen einer steigenden Lebenserwartung und damit verbunden ein höherer Altersquotient wirklich Faktoren, die unsere Gesellschaft an die Grenzen ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit bringen? Bieten sich nicht vielmehr auch neue Optionen, die Auswirkungen demografischer Entwicklungen aktiv mitzugestalten und auf diesem Wege neue gesellschaftliche Potenziale zu erschließen? Was ist dran an dem facettenreichen Schreckensszenario einer grauer werdenden Gesellschaft?" (Textauszug)

This article undertakes the study and critical review of the different types of leases of housing existing in our legal system and their adequacy to the prevailing social reality at present. It also analyses the adequacy and sufficiency of the regulation envisaged by the Spanish legislator to address the new types of leases that have arisen in practice or which have reached a greater number at present. On the basis of German tenancy law, as a model of a legally secure and attractive tenancy system for citizens, legislative proposals are offered which represent an important modification of our tenancy system. ; En este artículo se acomete el estudio y la revisión crítica de los distintos tipos de arrendamientos que recaen sobre una vivienda existentes en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico y su adecuación a la realidad social imperante en la actualidad. Asimismo, se analiza la adecuación y suficiencia de la regulación prevista por el legislador español para atender a las nuevas modalidades de arrendamiento que han surgido en la práctica o que han tenido un mayor auge en la actualidad. Sobre la base del Derecho arrendaticio alemán, como modelo de un sistema arrendaticio jurídicamente seguro y atractivo para los ciudadanos, se ofrecen propuestas legislativas que suponen una importante modificación de nuestro sistema arrendaticio.

Multifam public housing has received negative criticism from many planners, architects, soc sci'ts, & public housing residents. The study asks the question, "What kind of housing do low-income people want & why?" The study was designed to allow fam's to provide their own housing solutions. A sample of 321 households was randomly selected from all households living in blocks having an average rent of less than -- 50 in a Southwestern city. Households were interviewed twice, once in their homes & then in a Housing Evaluation Center. In the Center, R's were shown models & slides of various housing types & were provided with a number of cost-reducing options. It was found that R's prefer single-fam houses, but nearly 50% would find moderate density housing acceptable if it also provides certain amenities (eg, privacy, protection, outdoor space for such things as gardening & recreation, & the option to purchase the dwelling unit). AA.

Housing procurement for low to middle-income people in Palembang is carried out by the government and developers with the direction of housing development towards the outskirts of the city. One of the directions of development is the Talang Kepuh area, Ilir Barat 1 district. Housing development in this area is carried out in a wetland area where some of the condition of the area is swampland so that in its construction it must have its characteristics because the land has been piled up. In addition, the problem of housing development is the difficulty of the need for clean water. Simple housing design that is environmentally sound with rainwater harvesting system as an alternative solution to problems in water supply, so that it can meet the residential needs of the community. The results of the analysis discussion are outlined in the form of a simple concept of planning and designing a simple house with an environmental perspective. Rainwater harvesting is an important use to reduce excess surface runoff that causes flooding, land subsidence, and dryness of groundwater reserves. Where rainwater from the roof of the house will be dispensed into the distribution pipes which will then be forwarded and accommodated in water tanks. Meanwhile, if the excess water is accommodated, it will be dispensed to the retention pond. The calculation is done by calculating the discharge from the rainwater covering the roof of the house, then the volume of the water tank will be obtained to get the dimensions. After getting the dimensions of the water bath will be calculated the necessary costs. The costs calculated are excavation and backfill of soil, concrete materials, pipelines, and workers' wages. So that a water reservoir can be made with concrete material that will be used for water needs. The stored water will be used as raw water. For use as cooking or drinking water, further research is needed.

This paper investigates so-called type projects and the process of housing typification in Romania under the communist regime (1948–89). It studies designs for housing of particular types ('type projects'), primarily apartment buildings, disseminated through catalogues, that were used as more than just models for construction. They were 'tools', the active interface between political goals and actual buildings, similar to the contexts of contemporary developments in Eastern and Western Europe. Politicians exerted governmental control to ensure an institutional control over the design and production of type projects. A type project, with plans, section, elevation and specifications, contributed to the organization of the socialist lifestyle within family dwellings, led to new urban forms and cityscapes, standardized construction, guided industrialization and sustained the prefabrication of housing, especially large-panel prefabrication. This paper examines how these types entirely determined housing production.

Modern urban terraced houses or row houses emerged in Europe from the 17th century onwards. Usually two to three storeys high and with a garden at the back, they formed the traditional urban block. In Brussels, this bourgeois form of housing took on a particularly varied and inspiring form - including the well-known Art Nouveau residences - and forms the DNA of the city to this day. This publication analyses 100 selected examples illustrating the emergence of the terraced house and its further development in other forms of housing. The result is a broad panorama and a history of the architecture and development of the city of Brussels with its particularly heterogenous cityscape.

The primary role of housing is to provide a residence for people. Concurrently, it can be utilized for other purposes to suit the dwellers' practical demands. Spaces that support income generation for the residents apart from their living areas are called Income Generation Spaces (IGS) or Spaces for Creating Income (SCI). These spaces have played an important role helping its users gain income. In the row-type housing of Khon Kaen, IGS have a significant role. This is true in two kinds of row-type housing projects in Khon Kaen, i.e., government and private row-type housing projects. The Tawanmai community housing is representative of government provided row-type housing. Another type of project is under the supervision of the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI). These two types, with a middle income row‑house complex near Khon Kaen University, were selected as a case to be analyzed. The prevalence of IGS in these projects was explored. Self-customization was examined as a tool to achieve IGS. Another factor was lighting design in relation to architectural aesthetics for IGS. Natural lighting can be utilized in the front areas of each row-house, but it cannot be conveniently utilized for the interior spaces of row-houses. Therefore, lighting should be designed to provide plenty of light and support architectural aesthetic demands. About one third of the BMP row-houses in the research area employed an IGS strategy. Additionally, about three-fourths of the middle income row-house utilized IGS. Therefore, IGS should be an essential feature to be implemented for sustainable lighting strategies in all types of row housing, especially in a Thai context.