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The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.

The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively. Applied scientific research was used at this Project because regional classification by rurality does not exist in Lithuania. The typologies of Lithuanian regions were constructed for public administration goals and determined the criteria used to decide the adequacy of the typologies. The project provided four typologies of the Lithuanian administrative regions according to different features of rurality adapted to the rural policy objectives of post-industrial society. Each proposed Lithuanian regional typology reveals different aspects of rural regions that need to be addressed to the governments and can be regulated by rural policy measures. The typologies do not compete and their application should rather be complementary than alternative for the needs of public administration. Theoretical framework of research was based on systemic approach to reveal specifics of each region type based on three aspects of higher order systems: 1) Values of post-industrial society; 2) New "place-based" rural policy paradigm; 3) Lithuanian economic and social situation and institutional structure.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively. Applied scientific research was used at this Project because regional classification by rurality does not exist in Lithuania. The typologies of Lithuanian regions were constructed for public administration goals and determined the criteria used to decide the adequacy of the typologies. The project provided four typologies of the Lithuanian administrative regions according to different features of rurality adapted to the rural policy objectives of post-industrial society. Each proposed Lithuanian regional typology reveals different aspects of rural regions that need to be addressed to the governments and can be regulated by rural policy measures. The typologies do not compete and their application should rather be complementary than alternative for the needs of public administration. Theoretical framework of research was based on systemic approach to reveal specifics of each region type based on three aspects of higher order systems: 1) Values of post-industrial society; 2) New "place-based" rural policy paradigm; 3) Lithuanian economic and social situation and institutional structure.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively. Applied scientific research was used at this Project because regional classification by rurality does not exist in Lithuania. The typologies of Lithuanian regions were constructed for public administration goals and determined the criteria used to decide the adequacy of the typologies. The project provided four typologies of the Lithuanian administrative regions according to different features of rurality adapted to the rural policy objectives of post-industrial society. Each proposed Lithuanian regional typology reveals different aspects of rural regions that need to be addressed to the governments and can be regulated by rural policy measures. The typologies do not compete and their application should rather be complementary than alternative for the needs of public administration. Theoretical framework of research was based on systemic approach to reveal specifics of each region type based on three aspects of higher order systems: 1) Values of post-industrial society; 2) New "place-based" rural policy paradigm; 3) Lithuanian economic and social situation and institutional structure.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively. Applied scientific research was used at this Project because regional classification by rurality does not exist in Lithuania. The typologies of Lithuanian regions were constructed for public administration goals and determined the criteria used to decide the adequacy of the typologies. The project provided four typologies of the Lithuanian administrative regions according to different features of rurality adapted to the rural policy objectives of post-industrial society. Each proposed Lithuanian regional typology reveals different aspects of rural regions that need to be addressed to the governments and can be regulated by rural policy measures. The typologies do not compete and their application should rather be complementary than alternative for the needs of public administration. Theoretical framework of research was based on systemic approach to reveal specifics of each region type based on three aspects of higher order systems: 1) Values of post-industrial society; 2) New "place-based" rural policy paradigm; 3) Lithuanian economic and social situation and institutional structure.

The changing nature of the practice in terms of employment and increased opportunities for qualified employees to anchor in job markets acceptable to them have given the concept of an employee's organizational commitment especially much attention from organizational researchers latterly. In general an employee's commitment to the organization is perceived as a force binding an individual with some particular tasks in a particular organization and appearing through the different forms and dimensions, revealing various reasons that motivate people, provide meaning to their lives, and enhance to make a move or to continue it. The article deals with the overview of the principal types of an employee's organizational commitment and the models revealing dimensionality of the phenomenon. To verify the research there were used general methods of scientific research, such as scientific literature analysis and synthesis. One of the early contributions to understanding how commitment arises revealed the importance of the ways that organizational members are involved in the organization as a power system. Etzioni (1961) proposed three forms of involvement: moral (a highly positive involvement in the organization stemming from internalization of organizational norms), calculative (a mild positive or negative involvement in the organization representing a relationship with an organization based on a notion of exchange in which members evaluate the trade-off between what they give to the organization and what the organization gives or offers in return) and alienative (a negative involvement arising when behaviour is severely constrained, perhaps through enforced membership of an organization or society such as a prison or military organization). [.]

The changing nature of the practice in terms of employment and increased opportunities for qualified employees to anchor in job markets acceptable to them have given the concept of an employee's organizational commitment especially much attention from organizational researchers latterly. In general an employee's commitment to the organization is perceived as a force binding an individual with some particular tasks in a particular organization and appearing through the different forms and dimensions, revealing various reasons that motivate people, provide meaning to their lives, and enhance to make a move or to continue it. The article deals with the overview of the principal types of an employee's organizational commitment and the models revealing dimensionality of the phenomenon. To verify the research there were used general methods of scientific research, such as scientific literature analysis and synthesis. One of the early contributions to understanding how commitment arises revealed the importance of the ways that organizational members are involved in the organization as a power system. Etzioni (1961) proposed three forms of involvement: moral (a highly positive involvement in the organization stemming from internalization of organizational norms), calculative (a mild positive or negative involvement in the organization representing a relationship with an organization based on a notion of exchange in which members evaluate the trade-off between what they give to the organization and what the organization gives or offers in return) and alienative (a negative involvement arising when behaviour is severely constrained, perhaps through enforced membership of an organization or society such as a prison or military organization). [.]

Typologies of Lithuanian regions based on various rurality criteria are presented in this paper. Selection of criteria for measuring rurality of the regions was focused on the challenges of the post-industrial development stage of society. The research results shows that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions. The typology based on rurality dimension is also better tailored to the needs of new regional policy paradigm because criteria as remoteness of the region, density of the population and number of residents at the center of the region used in these typologies are stable for a long time and help to highlight the specifics of the region that is unable to be changed quickly.

Typologies of Lithuanian regions based on various rurality criteria are presented in this paper. Selection of criteria for measuring rurality of the regions was focused on the challenges of the post-industrial development stage of society. The research results shows that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions. The typology based on rurality dimension is also better tailored to the needs of new regional policy paradigm because criteria as remoteness of the region, density of the population and number of residents at the center of the region used in these typologies are stable for a long time and help to highlight the specifics of the region that is unable to be changed quickly.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively.

Rapid change in the world economy required revision of the rural policy paradigm and adaptation to the values of post-industrial society. The new "place-based" paradigm requires important changes for setting rural policy measures that intend to have multi-level approach and orientation towards sustainable development of the entire rural region rather than support to an individual farm or a settlement. Therefore, new rural policy paradigm focuses on administrative-territorial regions instead of individual settlements. Lithuanian government need to do adjustments along new trends in rural policy and administer these policies effectively.

In the article, innovations are treated as a content of the strategy of local government institutions. It is shown that service innovation typologies in local government institutions can be applied only partly because political innovations are not evaluated according to any typology. There are four levels of innovations presented in the article: political, organizational potential development, administration, and functional activities. At the level of organizational potential development, three types of innovations are identified: new values, organizational structure innovations, and management system innovations. Administration level innovations are treated as service and process innovations. At the level of functional activities, innovations of human resources, finance, and marketing are identified. Using method of sociological survey, it has been proved that innovations of organizational potential development and functional activities are necessary at local government organizations. Benefits and obstacles of innovations have been showed, too.

In the article, innovations are treated as a content of the strategy of local government institutions. It is shown that service innovation typologies in local government institutions can be applied only partly because political innovations are not evaluated according to any typology. There are four levels of innovations presented in the article: political, organizational potential development, administration, and functional activities. At the level of organizational potential development, three types of innovations are identified: new values, organizational structure innovations, and management system innovations. Administration level innovations are treated as service and process innovations. At the level of functional activities, innovations of human resources, finance, and marketing are identified. Using method of sociological survey, it has been proved that innovations of organizational potential development and functional activities are necessary at local government organizations. Benefits and obstacles of innovations have been showed, too.

Arnaitytė R. The impact of cultural and secondary tourism resources on the cultural tourism development in Dzūkija/ Master's thesis. Doc. Dr. B. Žuromskaitė – Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris university, Faculty of politics and management, 2015 m. -80 p. In this Master's thesis was analyzed impact of Dzūkijas cultural and secondary tourism resources on cultural tourism development opportunities. There were analyzed theoretical aspects of cultural tourism, various typologies of cultural and secondary tourism resources. There were also analyzed factors which have impact on the competitiveness of tourism resources and destinations. In this thesis were identified the main problems of cultural tourism development in Dzūkijas region and there was analyzed potential of different categories of cultural tourism resources. There was investigated condition of secondary tourism resources in Dzūkija including infrastructure. There was made a survey in case to explore the situation of cultural tourism in Dzūkija. According to the results of this survey were arranged practical suggestions for possible improvements of tourism infrastructure in Dzūkija and more efficient use of Dzūkijas cultural tourism resources for cultural tourism development in this region.