Suchergebnisse

This study examines the problem of characterizing the political communications system in Britain as a socio-political phenomenon. In the XX-XXI centuries, the intense growth of knowledge has shaped the socio-cultural and political activity of the population. Political communication becomes a separate area from human activity. In modern conditions, political communication is a set of processes, the source of which should be power. There are many processes in species diversity. Political communications in modern conditions have acquired the status of a social institution. The article attempts to present the institutional status of the phenomenon of political communication as a structure of three main components. First, the state as a governing body, represented by three powers: legislative, executive, and judicial. Secondly, society, which acts as the recipient of the initiatives of state power, or which has a positive attitude towards state policy or, negative and opposes, or has an attitude of waiting to see what happens. At the same time, there are groups in society that tend to actively intervene in politics. The third element of the political communication system is the media.

For a long time, public organizations have been facing pressure in terms of how they use their financial resources and the respective returns for the population. In the sport environment, not only a good financial management is the key to any successful sports program but also the way funds are managed and solutions to budget problems can be seen as the most important parts of financial administration. In this sense, this paper aims to analyse a public sport organization in its financial situation and performance. The analysis was supported by 3 financial years (2 sets of financial statements), where firstly it is discussed different sources of revenue, their evolution and then the financial performance is presented. The chosen institution was the British UK Sport, which, through the World Class Programme (WCP) invests National Lottery and Exchequer income into Olympic and Paralympic sport. Based on the figures found and on the trends perceived, UK Sport should improve some key strategic points and keep the same financial performance in others. Indeed, taking into consideration the last 15 fiscal years, the data did not show a Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and Lottery tendency of investments, neither increasing nor decreasing. However, it was possible to observe that the London 2012 Games put the absolute number in a higher pattern, which with the recent increasing dependency on the Lottery fund created a better scenario to UK Sport, not so affected by political decisions. In fact, the recent positive operating results were achieved thanks to additional Lottery support. On the other hand, even with a commercial department being created in 2011, UK Sport was not able to elevate the level of other incomes (e.g.: sponsorship), which certainly needed to be changed, in order to avoid uncertainties about the DCMS and Lottery revenues. As a possible future goal, the organisation could look for private resources to cover part of the staffing expenses, which have been predictable and stable in the last years. ; Durante mucho tiempo, las organizaciones públicas se han visto presionadas sobre cómo manejan sus recursos financieros y los respectivos beneficios para la población. En el entorno deportivo, no solo una buena gestión financiera es la clave de cualquier programa deportivo exitoso, sino también la forma en que se administran los fondos y las soluciones a los problemas presupuestarios se pueden ver como los aspectos más importantes de la administración financiera. En este sentido, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar una organización deportiva pública en su situación y beneficio financiero. El análisis se basó en 3 ejercicios consecutivos (2 años fiscales), en los cuales en primer lugar se discuten las diferentes fuentes de ingresos, su evolución y luego se presenta el beneficio financiero. La institución elegida fue British UK Sport, que a través del World Class Program (WCP) invierte los ingresos de la Lotería Nacional y el Tesoro en el deporte olímpico y paralímpico. Según las cifras encontradas y las tendencias percibidas, UK Sport debería mejorar algunos puntos estratégicos clave y mantener el mismo beneficio financiero en otros. De hecho, tomando en consideración los últimos 15 años fiscales, los datos no mostraron una tendencia de inversión del DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport) y de la Lotería, ni aumentaron ni disminuyeron. Sin embargo, fue posible observar que los Juegos de Londres 2012 pusieron el número absoluto en un nivel más elevado, que con la reciente dependencia creciente del fondo de la Lotería creó un mejor escenario para UK Sport, no tan afectado por las decisiones políticas. De hecho, los recientes resultados operativos positivos se lograron gracias al apoyo adicional de la Lotería. Por otro lado, incluso con un departamento comercial creado en 2011, UK Sport no fue capaz de elevar el nivel de otros ingresos (por ejemplo: patrocinadores), que sin duda era necesario cambiar, para evitar incertidumbres sobre el DCMS y la Lotería. Como una posible meta futura, la organización podría buscar recursos privados para cubrir parte de los gastos de personal, que han sido predecibles y estables en los últimos años. ; Há tempos, organizações públicas têm enfrentado pressão em termos de como usam seus recursos financeiros e os respectivos retornos para a população. No ambiente esportivo, não somente uma boa gestão financeira é a chave para o sucesso de qualquer programa esportivo, mas também a forma como os fundos são geridos e soluções para problemas orçamentais podem ser vistos como partes importantes da administração financeira. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar uma organização esportiva pública em sua situação e desempenho financeiro. A análise foi baseada em 3 anos correntes (2 anos fiscais), onde, em primeiro lugar foi discutido diferentes fontes de receita, suas evoluções e, em seguida, o desempenho financeiro propriamente. A instituição escolhida foi a britânica UK Sport, que, através do projeto World Class Program (WCP), investe recursos públicos orçamentários (DCMS) e da Loteria Esportiva daquele país no esporte olímpico e paralímpico. Com base nos números encontrados e nas tendências percebidas, a UK Sport deveria melhorar alguns pontos financeiros estratégicos e manter o mesmo desempenho em outros. De fato, levando em consideração os últimos 15 exercícios fiscais, os dados não mostraram uma tendência de investimentos do DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport) e da Loteria, nem para cima ou para baixo. No entanto, foi possível se observar que os Jogos de Londres 2012 colocaram o número absoluto em um padrão mais elevado, que com a recente e crescente dependência quanto aos recursos da Loteria, criou um cenário melhor para a UK Sport, assim, não tão afetado por decisões políticas. De fato, os recentes resultados operacionais positivos foram alcançados graças ao suporte adicional da Loteria. Por outro lado, mesmo com um departamento comercial criado em 2011, a UK Sport não foi capaz de elevar o nível de outras receitas (por exemplo, patrocínio), a fim de se evitar incertezas sobre o DCMS e Loteria. Como um possível objetivo futuro, a organização poderia procurar recursos privados para cobrir parte das despesas de pessoal, que foram previsíveis e estáveis nos últimos anos.

The British General Election of 2010 raised high expectations due to the social and political situation of the country, both externally and internally alike: the global economic crisis, the troops in Afghanistan, the anticipation of a political landslide with the accession of the Liberal Democrats to power. However, it seems apparent that the parties involved did not live up to them in terms of political debate and engagement with the issues. This article sets out to explore the discourses of the manifestos published by the three main parties, with a view to identifying differences in their means of relating to the electorate, and tracing their discursive construction of key issues.

The material effects of austerity in the UK have generated a resurgence of activist initiatives in the field of housing central to which is ACORN that has developed into a federated organisation contesting housing practices and policies at both local and national levels. ACORN is used to expand the examination of housing activism in Europe beyond the cases in Spain and Germany to the United Kingdom (Ordonez et al, 2015). This article also utilises the qualitative methodology of a comparative case study and the framework of ideological and social backgrounds, political repertoires and political logics to present and analyse ACORN. While ACORN displays striking similarities to other cases, it also represents a different trajectory in housing activism that combines direct action with an engagement with party politics as social democracy seeks to return to its roots.

In questo articolo con "pianificazione commerciale" si intende il processo attraverso il quale si definisce quante attività commerciali, di quale tipo ed in quali luoghi dovrebbero essere sviluppate in un determinato periodo. Il processo si sviluppa attraverso l' interazione tra gli attori privati (commercianti e proprietari immobiliari) e gli attori pubblici (governo locale e nazionale). Il settore privato cerca di mantenere stabili o di incrementare vendite e profitti, mentre il settore pubblico persegue obiettivi di interesse più generale. L'articolo sintetizza alcuni aspetti della pianificazione commerciale nel Regno Unito, facendo riferimento alla ricerca descritta in un testo dell'autore sull'argomento (GUY, 2006A). La prima parte delinea il quadro normativo della pianificazione commerciale e lo confronta con la situazione di altri paesi europei. La seconda parte sintetizza le recenti politiche governative per il sostegno e la regolamentazione del settore commerciale. La terza e la quarta parte delineano i comportamenti degli amministratori locali e degli operatori privati. La quinta presenta i principali esiti dei trend di sviluppo del commercio urbano ed extraurbano, mentre la sesta parte avanza alcune conclusioni. ; El planeamiento comercial es definido, en este artículo, como el proceso de determinar cuánto comercio, qué tipos y en que lugares debe desarrollarse en un periodo dado. Se realiza a través de la interacción del sector privado (minoristas y promotores) y el público (gobierno nacional y local). El sector privado intenta mantener o incrementar ventas y beneficios, y el público procura cumplir objetivos no comerciales, destinados a servir al interés general. El artículo resume aspectos del planeamiento comercial minorista en el Reino Unido descritos en su libro (GUY, 2006A). Así, la sección 1 plantea el marco administrativo del planeamiento comercial, contrastándolo con el de otros países europeos. La sección 2 resume la política del gobierno central para promover y controlar el desarrollo comercial. Las secciones 3 y 4 sintetizan las actitudes de los urbanistas del gobierno local y los promotores privados respectivamente. La sección 5 argumenta algunos de los resultados principales, en términos de tendencias del desarrollo en localizaciones centrales y no centrales, mientras que la sección 6 esboza algunas conclusiones.

La decisión del electorado británico de abandonar la Unión Europea en junio de 2016, previa convocatoria de referéndum por el entonces premier David Cameron, no ha sido más que la última evidencia de la particular relación que, históricamente, Londres ha mantenido con sus vecinos continentales. Como miembro del proyecto de integración europea, al que se incorporó en 1973, el Reino Unido tuvo en la cuestión presupuestaria su primer contencioso de relevancia con Bruselas. En este artículo nos acercamos a él a través de las páginas de la prensa española. Para ello, se ha acotado el análisis a dos eventos: el Consejo Europeo de Dublín (1979), en el que Margaret Thatcher, recién elegida primera ministra, trasladó formalmente a sus socios la demanda de reducir la cuantía abonada por su país, y el de Fontainebleau (1984), en el que Reino Unido, tras años de tiras y aflojas, obtuvo el famoso "cheque británico", que reducía su aportación de forma considerable. El estudio, individual y comparativo, de la cobertura de ABC, El País y La Vanguardia de las dos jornadas de cada cumbre, así como de los cuatro días previos y los cuatro posteriores a las mismas, nos permitirá ahondar en la visión de los principales diarios nacionales sobre la querella presupuestaria británica, justo cuando España aspiraba a entrar en el club europeo. ; The decision made by the British electorate to leave the European Union in June 2016, after the referendum set by the then premier David Cameron, has been nothing but the last evidence of the particular relation that, historically, London has maintained with its continental neighbours. As a member of the European Integration Project, to which United Kingdom joined in 1973, its first relevant dispute with Brussels had to do with the budgetary question. This issue is approached in this paper through the Spanish media at the time. To that end, we have reduced the analysis to two events: the European Council of Dublin (1979), in which Margaret Thatcher, recently elected prime minister, formally submitted to her counterparts her complaints in order to cut down the amount paid by her country to the EU coffers, and the one of Fontainebleau (1984), in which the United Kingdom, after years of pulling and pushing, got the famous "British rebate" that considerably reduced its contribution. The study of the media coverage of ABC, El País and La Vanguardia, both individually and comparatively, during the two days both gatherings lasted, but also the previous and the following four days of both summits, will allow us to learn more about the vision showed by the main national newspapers regarding the budgetary British problem, at a time when Spain was hoping to join the European club.

Background: Moral injury has been found to adversely affect US veteran mental health, and the mental health difficulties resulting from moral injury can be particularly challenging to treat. Yet little is known about the impact of moral injury on the well-being of UK armed forces (AF) veterans and how moral injury is currently addressed in treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine UK AF veterans' experiences of moral injury, and the perceptions and challenges faced by clinicians in treating moral injury-related mental health difficulties. Method: Six veterans who reported moral injury exposure and four clinicians who had treated veterans with moral injury were recruited from Combat Stress. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Moral injury was perceived by clinicians to be common in UK AF veterans and, where present, had a considerable negative impact on mental health. Clinicians reported a lack of a manualized approach for treating cases of moral injury and, instead, used a combination of several non-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-specific therapies. Providing treatment for morally injured veterans could be challenging given the limited number of sessions that clinicians were able to provide. Moreover, moral injury was thought to be poorly understood among UK AF veteran clinical care teams. Conclusion: This study provides some of the first insight into the impact of moral injury on UK AF veteran well-being as well as clinician views of delivering psychological care following moral injury. These findings highlight that moral injury is experienced by UK AF veterans, and further examination of the prevalence of moral injury and whether current treatment approaches are appropriate and efficacious is needed.

The following is a reflection on Spanish undergraduate studies that combine the concepts of marketing and public relations.
Sharing origins and often functions and specialists, both concepts have run parallel paths that have merged on multiple occasions. This evolution has been studied from different points of view. Initially, marketing experts included PR techniques as an additional tool to grant it a greater specific instrumental relevance over time. On the other hand, PR scholars have tried to dissociate themselves from marketing in order acquire an independent position within the field of communication.
In Spain, these conceptual differences are currently blurred due to the creation of new university degrees and double degrees combining both disciplines. This trend is evidenced within the Spanish university market which, throughout this article, will be compared to other markets, namely the American and the British ones, as a scientific reference for both concepts, and to the Portuguese one, given its geographical proximity.
We will reflect on the reasons that have led the Spanish university market to combine both concepts and to offer official studies that include them in their nomenclature, far from the historical tradition in this country, where studies in public relations have been related to the field of communication, while those in marketing have been related to the field of economics.
The identification of this trend in the job market of organisational communication professionals poses new challenges to training institutions, especially to universities.

Este artículo narra algunas de mis experiencias como trabajadora social en el Reino Unido. Abordaré la visión que en este contexto se tiene de esta profesión y de sus profesionales, como punto de partida para la reflexión acerca de aspectos concretos en la intervención social y el día a día de una trabajadora social, en un campo tan especifico como es el de la protección de menores. El artículo no pretende ser una generalización acerca de la intervención social en el Reino Unido, sino que pretende poner un ejemplo y abrir campos de reflexión acerca de las construcciones sociales y dinámicas que se generan sobre el Trabajo Social y su praxis en un campo tan particular como es el de la protección de menores. ; This article expresses some of my experiences as a social worker in the United Kingdom. In this paper, I will explore the way this field and its professionals are viewed in this specific context, before examining certain aspects of social intervention and the day to day job of a social worker, specifically in the field of child protection. While this article does not try to be a generalization about social intervention in the United Kingdom, it attempts to give an example and open ideas of reflection around the social construction and dynamics around social work and its praxis in the particular field of child protection.

This article examines how academia in the UK is created and perpetuated by men for men. It is based on three of the author's research projects whose findings indicate patterns of discrimination in UK Higher Education (HE) institutes. The research projects collected both qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative research involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 80 academics, both women and men at all levels in the UK academic hierarchy. The quantitative research was undertaken via a website survey of the profiles of senior managers in UK HE institutes. The hypothesis is explored that an important mechanism for the continued narrow male-dominated senior management of HE is the disjuncture between formal and informal processes around university promotion. On the one hand, while transparent formal processes seek to locate promotions policies within Equal Opportunity (EO) legislation, other important informal processes are opaque, if not invisible, e.g. definitions of merit, and ways of fostering career development. Rather, these latter rely on particular forms of self-promotion, promotion by certain influential others, and subjective interpretation of policies in a way that tends to marginalise women. It is argued that male cultural hegemony, in replicating itself, perpetuates structures and practices that are insular and designed to primarily benefit a narrow group of men in senior management. These tend to be predominantly, from the disciplines in the physical sciences or engineering where men predominate. It argues that women need to challenge these structures and processes to make universities more compatible with the aspirations of women in academia and to make them more successful institutionally. ; Este artículo examina cómo la universidad en el Reino Unido es creada y perpetuada por los hombres para los hombres. Se basa en tres de los proyectos de investigación de la autora cuyos hallazgos indican patrones de discriminación en los institutos de Educación Superior (ES) del Reino Unido. Los proyectos de investigación recogieron datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. La investigación cualitativa se basó en entrevistas semi-estructuradas en profundidad a 80 académicos, mujeres y hombres en todos los niveles de la jerarquía académica del Reino Unido. La investigación cuantitativa se llevó a cabo a través de una encuesta on-line a diferentes perfiles de alta dirección en los institutos de Educación Superior (ES). Se explora la hipótesis de que un importante mecanismo para la continuidad de una dirección de la ES, dominada por hombres, es la disyunción entre los procesos formales e informales en torno a la promoción universitaria. Por un lado, mientras que los procesos formales transparentes buscan localizar las políticas de promoción dentro de la legislación sobre Igualdad de Oportunidades (IO), otros procesos informales importantes son opacos, si no invisibles, p.e., definiciones de mérito y formas de fomentar el desarrollo profesional. Estos últimos se basan más bien en formas particulares de autopromoción, promoción por parte de otras personas influyentes, e interpretación subjetiva de las políticas de una manera que tiende a marginar a las mujeres. Se argumenta que la hegemonía cultural masculina, al replicarse, perpetúa estructuras y prácticas que son insulares y diseñadas para beneficiar principalmente a un reducido grupo de hombres en la alta dirección. Estas tendencias tienden a ser predominantes, fundamentalmente en aquellas disciplinas en las ciencias físicas o ingeniería en las que predominan los hombres. Se argumenta que las mujeres deben cuestionar estas estructuras y procesos para hacer que las universidades sean más compatibles con las aspiraciones de las mujeres en el mundo académico y para hacerlas más exitosas institucionalmente.

This article approaches the question of whether terrorism "works" and argues that an examination of some of terrorism's more "modest" effects can contribute to the way we analyse its overall effectiveness and strategic impact. The article looks at whether terrorist violence has brought "disorientation" to European societies and led states to launch repressive counterterrorist operations. Its main empirical focus is a comparison of Britain's and France's responses to contemporary jihadist terrorism. It examines the extent to which we can understand these cases from a rational choice perspective, before going on to argue that a state's responses to terrorism are filtered through certain domestic societal norms in each country that determine whether or not terrorist violence leads to a repressive response from governments. This has implications for the way we analyse the interaction between terrorists and the state, as well as the effectiveness of terrorism itself.

The objective of this article is to analyze the factors that have bolstered the multiculturality promotion policies in the professional armies of three European countries: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Spain. We will distinguish between those policies aimed to the integration of ethnocultural minorities in the public institutions, implemented by the United Kingdom and the Netherlands; and those measures meant to boost and contribute to the integration of immigrants in reception societies, which are followed by Spain. We will see what benefits for the military institution derive from this kind of policies, and what are the challenges that these states must face as they attempt to "reflect" in their armies the growing multiculturality of their societies. ; El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores que han potenciado las políticas de promoción de la multiculturalidad en los ejércitos profesionales de tres países europeos: Holanda, Reino Unido y España. Para ello, se distinguirá entre entre aquellas políticas que van dirigidas a la integración de las minorías etnoculturales dentro de las instituciones públicas que son las implementadas por Reino Unido y Holanda; y aquellas medidas dirigidas a promover y contribuir a la integración de los inmigrantes en las sociedades de acogida, política que sigue España. Veremos qué beneficios aportan este tipo de políticas a la institución militar y cuáles son los desafíos a los que deben hacer frente estos estados a la hora de intentar que sus ejércitos "reflejen" la creciente multiculturalidad de sus sociedades.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores que han potenciado las políticas de promoción de la multiculturalidad en los ejércitos profesionales de tres países europeos: Holanda, Reino Unido y España. Para ello, se distinguirá entre entre aquellas políticas que van dirigidas a la integración de las minorías etnoculturales dentro de las instituciones públicas que son las implementadas por Reino Unido y Holanda; y aquellas medidas dirigidas a promover y contribuir a la integración de los inmigrantes en las sociedades de acogida, política que sigue España. Veremos qué beneficios aportan este tipo de políticas a la institución militar y cuáles son los desafíos a los que deben hacer frente estos estados a la hora de intentar que sus ejércitos "reflejen" la creciente multiculturalidad de sus sociedades ; The objective of this article is to analyze the factors that have bolstered the multiculturality promotion policies in the professional armies of three European countries: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Spain. We will distinguish between those policies aimed to the integration of ethnocultural minorities in the public institutions, implemented by the United Kingdom and the Netherlands; and those measures meant to boost and contribute to the integration of immigrants in reception societies, which are followed by Spain. We will see what benefits for the military institution derive from this kind of policies, and what are the challenges that these states must face as they attempt to "reflect" in their armies the growing multiculturality of their societies