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The riots that took place in France in November 200S had causes both deep & recent. French immigration policies favoring "territorialization" have led many immigrants to face social exclusion based on ethnicity. Many youth whose families recently immigrated feel that the broader society has not accepted them. But it is important to remember that these youth do not want to change the Republican values. Rather, they wish to have them applied equally to all French citizens, regardless of race, religion, or country of origin. Most youth of immigrant origins did not participate in the riots & simply want to lead normal lives. Adapted from the source document.

An examination of the relationship between riot incidence & changes in Ur expenditures & revenue, using 310 US cities of over 50,000 population as a data base. Cities were analyzed in terms of: (1) changes in expenditures considered relevant to the demands of blacks & whites, (2) four fiscal areas thought largely unrelated to either black or white demands, & (3) occurrence or nonoccurrence of riots. Results revealed greater increments in expenditures related to black & white demands in cities having riots as compared with those that did not, but the same difference did not appear in the other four expenditure areas. When structural variables were controlled, differences in police & fire expenditure increments remained, while differences in social welfare benefits were greatly reduced. This pattern of difference between riot & nonriot cities was not found to hold prior to 1965. Comparisons in expenditure gains were made among riot & nonriot cities having a variety of political characteristics (eg, political competitiveness, the presence of "reformed" political institutions) to ascertain the possible influence of political characteristics of the city on responsiveness to riots. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

Analyse städtischer Unruhen in Westafrika als die häufig einzige Möglichkeit der Bevölkerung, sich am politischen Prozeß zu beteiligen und Änderungen zu erzwingen. Häufigkeit, Ausmaß und Ursachen der Unruhen, Kennzeichnung der wichtigsten daran beteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen. Nur wenige Unruhen waren wirksam im Hinblick auf das damit verfolgte Ziel. Andererseits haben jedoch aufrührerische Zustände dieser Art gerade in Westafrika mehrfach direkt oder indirekt zu einem Sturz der Regierung durch das Militär beigetragen. (DÜI-Hlb)

SURVEYS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIOT INCIDENCE AND THE CHANGES IN URBAN EXPENDITURES AND REVENUE FOR U.S. CITIES WITH POPULATIONS EXCEEDING 50,000. CONCLUDES THAT RIOTS DO HAVE A MEASURABLE EFFECT ON PUBLIC POLICY, WITH INCREASED EXPENDITURES IN THE AREAS OF CONCERN TO THOSE DEMANDING CONTROL AND PUNISHMENT OF RIOTERS, AS OPPOSED TO SOCIAL WELFARE EXPENDITURES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED A CONCERN OF THE RIOTERS.

An examination of the relationship between Ur riots & increases in state welfare spending in the 1960s revealed little evidence of a direct relationship between rioting & state welfare spending increases from own funds, but did provide evidence that state welfare spending increases from federal funds were related to the level of Ur rioting. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed & directions for further research are suggested. 3 Tables. HA.

Some of the causes underlying the riots in US cities during the 1960s are linked to instability & fluctuations in the social, political, & economic life of inner-city blacks. Data collected in the 1950s & 1960s by the Center for Political Studies, U of Michigan, are used to examine the role of personal uncertainty in these riots. In an analysis of the survey data only on black Ms, (N not specified) grouped by age (16-29, 30-44, 45+), gamma coefficients are used to summarize attitudinal variables distinguishing riot-prone Ss. Uncertainty is shown to be the most significant attitudinal characteristic distinguishing rioters from nonrioters, & its influence extended across all three age groups. Ss in the youngest group who scored high on the personal uncertainty index were twice as likely as low-scoring counterparts to participate in riots. The investigation offers little support for the "riots-as-protests" explanation of the disturbances. 1 Table, 7 Figures. M. Milburn.