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This study submits to our attention some qualitative and quantitative aspects related to urban and semi urban habitat from the former Arad County in the eighteenth century. If in 1715 there were 6 market towns, at the end of the century were already 15. Based on the conscriptions, urbariums and census, I have tried to detect the evolution of market towns during the entire eighteenth century. Reform policy of the Habsburg absolutism has determined even an economic and demographic increase in the market towns of Arad County. Between those 15 market towns of the county existing in 1787 only Arad had obvious urban characteristics. Here was concentrated 6.15% of the county population. By comparison with other counties from Transylvania and Hungary, I have pursued to dignify and quantify different aspects of the urbanization degree in the Arad County registered in the eighteenth century. The development of market towns in Arad County has had the same evolution with those of Central and Eastern Europe, because the agrarian character of these localities was predominant. The evolution towards urbanization was evident along the eighteenth century both in terms of population growth and a great social mobility and also in light of the economic and municipal development. The transformations in the direction of modernization registered during the eighteenth century were the basement of the future process of urbanization of Arad County in the century that has followed.

The article deals with the issues of urban settlements and urban lifestyle from the point of view of structural changes under the influence of transformational processes in the development of productive forces, tools and means of production. The author notes the historical nature of this process associated with the geographical environment, resources and migration flows under the influence of the development of capitalist relations. Some peculiarities of lifestyle in Baku as a city with an ancient history, with a number of characteristic features of a distinctive way of life, combining the traditions of several generations and different civilizations, are analyzed.

Over the last decade, commentaries and research on urban tourism precincts have predominantly focused on: their role in the tourism attractions mix; their physical and functional forms; their economic significance; their role as a catalyst for urban renewal; their evolution and associated development processes; and, perhaps more broadly, their role, locality and function within the context of urban planning. City Spaces - Tourist Places both consolidates and develops the extant knowledge of urban tourism precincts into a coherent research driven contemporary work. It revisits and examines the foundational literature but, more importantly, engages with aspects of precinct development that have previously been either underdeveloped or received only limited consideration, such as the psychological and socio-cultural dimensions of the precinct experience. Written by an international team of contributors it provides the reader with: * A comprehensive analysis of foundational theory and cutting-edge advances in the knowledge of the precinct phenomenon * An examination of previously underdeveloped topics and themes based on contemporary and ground-breaking research * Typological and theoretical frameworks in which to locate precinct form, function and experience Brilliantly edited to ensure theoretical continuity and coherence City Spaces - Tourist Places is vital reading for anyone involved in the study or planning of urban tourism precincts. * A cutting-edge text which not only examines foundational theory in urban studies but advances knowledge of the precinct phenomenon by its engagement of previously underdeveloped topics * Vital reading for anyone involved in the study or planning of urban tourism * Written by an international team of expert contributors and brilliantly edited to ensure theoretical continuity and accessiblity

The article studies the late 19th-century occupational structure of Tobolsk in the context of other major Siberian cities. Many urban centres were strongholds for governing this huge territory, and Tobolsk was a typical provincial capital in this regard. In the most economically developed Western and Southern Siberian provinces, cities were not only administrative hubs, but also cultural and economic centres. The authors look at how urban populations were distributed among different occupational groups and social classes, and what role gender and family relations played in terms of employment. This is important, as it may help understand whether Russia's huge eastern provinces were ready for the transformations which started just two decades after the period whence the main source material of the article originates. The research is based on the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The archives have not preserved primary census manuscripts as a unified collection: so far, only scattered manuscripts have emerged. Clearly, the use of the individual-level nominative census data found for Tobolsk considerably broadens the scope of the research, which was previously limited to aggregate data. The aggregate data provide an opportunity to characterise employment in Siberian cities more generally, demonstrating the occupational specificity of the 'military' and 'agrarian' cities as well as the provincial centres of Western and Eastern Siberia. The authors more closely analyse the nominative 1897 census data using the database 'Tobolsk Population in 1897', which contains information about 92.5 % of employed citizens. The individual-level data made it possible to reconstruct the age and gender structure of the economically active population of the provincial centre, to study the occupations of different estate groups, to look into specific features of secondary occupations, and to see the family's influence on the choice of occupation. All the employment data on the Siberian urban population were coded according to the HISCO standard. ; Рассматривается профессиональная структура города Тобольска конца ХIX в. Сибирь была самым масштабным регионом Российской империи со слабо развитой сетью городов, большинство из которых выполняли роль опорных центров для административного управления огромной территорией. В наиболее освоенных и развитых в хозяйственном отношении западных и южных губерниях Сибири города становились не только административными, но и культурными, и экономическими их центрами. Вопрос представляется актуальным для понимания готовности сибирских губерний к тем общественным трансформациям, которые начались спустя два десятилетия после рассматриваемого периода. Особенностью исследования является использование персональных данных Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г. На уровне персоналий оно позволяет существенно расширить исследовательский диапазон, ранее ограниченный опубликованными агрегированными материалами. С их помощью дана характеристика занятости городского населения крупных сибирских городов, показана специфика занятости «военных», «аграрных» городов, а также губернских центров Западной и Восточной Сибири. Обработка данных переписи 1897 г. на индивидуальном уровне производилась с помощью базы данных «Население Тобольска в 1897 г.», включающей сведения о 92,5 % горожан, имевших самостоятельные занятия. Персональные данные позволили провести реконструкцию возрастной и гендерной структуры экономически активного населения губернского центра, выявить особенности занятости представителей разных сословных групп, специфику дополнительных занятий городского населения, определить влияние семьи на выбор сферы деятельности человека. Все сведения о занятиях населения городов Сибири, в том числе Тобольска, были закодированы с помощью Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the risk of climate change on Istanbul. Istanbul is the largest city, in terms of both population and economic activity capacity, in Turkey meaning that any climate-related risk would be destructive not only for the city but also for the country. The urban system has been identified based on urban sectors that are the issues of activities, management areas, ecological systems, resources and species and critical for economic viability and public health of the city, also likely to be affected by climate-related disasters. 11 urban sectors and 25 sub-sectors, which are also presented as planning areas, have been determined considering the development strategies of Istanbul as water resources, health, energy, agriculture, transportation, development and land use, public safety, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecology, culture and materials. ICLEI's handbook titled "Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments" guided the risk assessment of these planning areas and sectors. The data has been obtained via in-depth interviews with city stakeholders and the sectors have been ranked considering the risk factors of each. The results of this study reveal the urban sectors that are under the greatest and lowest risk due to the impacts of climate change. Highlighting the climate change risk on vital sectors of Istanbul is essential for decision makers to develop further strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and adapt the upcoming impacts. ; C1 [Aygun, A.; Baycan, T.] Istanbul Tech Univ, TR-34437 Istanbul, Turkey. ; [Aygun, A.] Pamukkale Univ, Kinikli Campus, TR-20160 Denizli, Turkey.

The article is devoted to the formation of urban responsibility of society and contains the demands of citizens' responsibility based on regularities of urban processes. The level of urban responsibility in our country does not correspond to what is prescribed by the modern political situation and the pressure of world periphery. It is necessary to form the state ideology of European urban civilization that stands up to national and ethnic enclavity and commercialization of interests of administrations of urban communities. It is necessary to return the leading role in civilized development to the biggest urban communities of Europe and the world. ; Статья посвящена проблемам формирования городской ответственности общества и содержит требования формирования ответственности граждан, как горожан на основе закономерностей городских процессов. Состояние уровня городской ответственности граждан нашей страны не соответствует тому, что определяется современной политической ситуацией и давлением общемировой периферии. Необходимо формирование государственной идеологии европейской городской цивилизации, противостоящей национально-этнической анклавности и коммерциализации интересов администраций городских сообществ. Нужно вернуть крупнейшим городским сообществам Европы и Мира их главенствующую роль в цивилизационном развитии.

The article discusses the innovative potential of small and medium-sized business, and finds the lack thereof. The article also discusses the systematic limitations of innovative entrepreneurship, and substantiates the increasing governmental influence on implementation of institutional measures and development of effective innovative systems using the Triple Helix Model. ; В статье анализируется инновационный потенциал предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса (МСБ). Аргументируется вывод о недостаточном инновационном потенциале предприятий МСБ и системных ограничениях развития инновационного предпринимательства. Обосновывается положение об усилении роли государства в принятии мер институционального характера и построении эффективной инновационной системы на основе модели тройной спирали.

The aim of the study presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of Russian mothers seeking care and education services for their children. This work examines the transformation of the traditional family function of raising, socializing and educating children. Currently we are witnessing an increase in the number of parents who resort to paid family services. Therefore it is important to understand the evolution of this market segment, what defines consumers' choice of services and which types of services are the most popular, while also assessing costumer satisfaction with the services they acquired. Analysis is conducted based on a series of semi-structured interviews with Russian women who have children of preschool or school age. Respondents included both working (be it on hire or self-employed) and unemployed women. Research was conducted within Nizhniy Novgorod city limits. While conducting the interviews, it was discovered that the basic selection of paid services which parents acquire includes services offered by children's development centers, paid additional lessons at kindergarten or school, sports clubs, dance, art and foreign language lessons; children's parties – renting dedicated facilities, hiring clowns, purchasing thematic programs and holiday treats; hiring babysitters (either on a regular basis or on demand), psychologists and parenting coaches. The authors reached the conclusion that modern urban families tend to split their responsibility (delegate authority) for raising, caring for and educating their children with those who have expertise in this field. Consumption of services by urban families starts earlier and continues for a longer period of time – in line with their children maturing – there's not too much diversity, but consumption does depend on such important motives as the desire to satisfy today's requirements for raising and developing children, parents freeing up spare time for their own needs, taking care of the child's future.