Suchergebnisse

Environmental justice continues to be a concept that seemingly eludes our human capability; yet, the economic benefits derivable from exploration and utilisation of the environment are unquantifiable. A brief attempt on environmental rights and its applicability in practice in Nigeria has been carried out in this article. The article analyses the nature of the socio-political impulses at work in ensuring that environmental justice is either hindered or realised. While examining the right to clean environment, this article discusses the culpability of transnational corporations for their acts in environmental degradation. It argues for the enforceability of environmental justice under the constitution and indeed under customary international law. It also examines the implications of several international human right treaties which Nigeria has assented to. The article calls for more punitive measures in environmental statues. Nigeria must adopt international principles aimed at safeguarding the rights and interest of peoples on earth. Not only must there be the means to implement these rights, but also there must be adequate and responsible enforcement mechanisms in place. Government must not only be serious but must also be manifestly seen to be so.

International audience ; L'analyse de la diversité des structures et des stratégies des exploitations agricoles familiales permet de comprendre la diversité des pratiques agricoles, notamment les modes d'exploitation du milieu. Dans les régions cotonnières des savanes soudaniennes d'Afrique de l'Ouest, zones où les systèmes de culture sont considérés comme parmi les plus modernisés d'Afrique de l'Ouest, des systèmes de culture temporaires persistent pourtant en maints endroits. Nous en expliquerons les raisons au moyen de ce type d'analyse.

International audience ; L'analyse de la diversité des structures et des stratégies des exploitations agricoles familiales permet de comprendre la diversité des pratiques agricoles, notamment les modes d'exploitation du milieu. Dans les régions cotonnières des savanes soudaniennes d'Afrique de l'Ouest, zones où les systèmes de culture sont considérés comme parmi les plus modernisés d'Afrique de l'Ouest, des systèmes de culture temporaires persistent pourtant en maints endroits. Nous en expliquerons les raisons au moyen de ce type d'analyse.

International audience ; L'analyse de la diversité des structures et des stratégies des exploitations agricoles familiales permet de comprendre la diversité des pratiques agricoles, notamment les modes d'exploitation du milieu. Dans les régions cotonnières des savanes soudaniennes d'Afrique de l'Ouest, zones où les systèmes de culture sont considérés comme parmi les plus modernisés d'Afrique de l'Ouest, des systèmes de culture temporaires persistent pourtant en maints endroits. Nous en expliquerons les raisons au moyen de ce type d'analyse.

Human rights do not exist. To be more precise, in the year 1998 human rights do not exist and no one can know if they will exist in the future. This ascertainment is inescapable if people wish to strictly define the concept of 'right' and 'human right' without taking into consideration political-ideological expediencies. A 'right' is not something that exists merely as a phantom in the minds of philosophers or that flourishes on the lips of propagandists. The very essence of a right entails by definition that it can be demanded and imposed, and a 'human right' can only be one that is enjoyed by all humans purely and simply because they are humans, ie, without the mediation of ruling authorities and collective subjects (eg, nations and states), which, from a conceptual and physical viewpoint, are narrower than humanity as a whole. Here, Kondylis critical dissects the notion of human rights that examines both conceptual imprecision in the use of the term and its frequent political instrumentalization. Adapted from the source document.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the legal procedures and systems concerning granting or possessing mineral rights, and how such rights may be exercised, particularly given the diametric interests of land use, ownership and land tenure. The study, comparative in its nature, aims at highlighting the similarities and differences between the countries and states of comparison, and thereby identify interesting solutions of issues relating to the granting and exercising of mineral rights. The study examines mineral rights and different legal systems regulating mineral exploration and exploitation. The focus is on mining and mineral legislation and its application, including the exercise of mineral rights. The systems chosen are those of Sweden, Finland and the states of Ontario and Western Australia. The main result is generated by the comparison dealing with the application, granting and possession of mineral rights related to the development of a mine. Several processes are thereby identified. In addition, the content and extent of the different rights and obligations related to exploration and exploitation activities are examined, as well as land areas open or closed for the exercise of these rights. The legal processes concerning granting mineral rights are in fact complex as evidenced by this work, particularly when land-use and environmental legislation is taken into account. The perception of a good balance in legislation between diametric interests of land use, ownership and land tenure is heavily linked to the view of sustainable development. The difficulties of achieving this are confirmed by the countries and states compared. The continuous change of mineral legislation during the course of this study is an indication of the complexity of the topic. ; QC20100723

JOHN E. ROEMER'S ARTICLE, "NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE MARXIAN THEORY OF EXPLOITATION AND CLASS," IS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION, BOTH BECAUSE IT POSES A FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE FOR MARXIST THEORY-TO EXPLAIN EXPLOITATION IN A WORLD OF VOLUNTARY CONTRACTING-AND BECAUSE IT OFFERS THE PROMISE OF DEVELOPING A CONSTRUCTIVE DIALOGUE BETWEEN MARXIST AND NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS, A LONG OVERDUE DEVELOPMENT IF WE ARE TO MAKE FURTHER PROGRESS IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. IN ROEMER'S ACCOUNT, EXPLOITATION ARISES FROM UNEQUAL ENDOWMENTS OF PRIVATE PROPERTY, SKILLS, AND STATUS AMONG PRODUCERS RATHER THAN FROM THE PRODUCTION OF SURPLUS VALUE, THE CLASSICAL MARXIST ARGUMENT, OR FROM THE DISTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARKET ITSELF, A COMMON CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENT. SUCH A CAUSAL ORDERING NOT ONLY MODIFIES MARXIST THEORY, FOR THE BETTER, IT IS, MORE IMPORTANTLY, A FIRST AND MAJOR STEP IN ANALYZING HOW THE MECHANISMS OF EXPLOITATION VARY WITH THE NATURE OF PROPERTY RELATIONS, AS ROEMER HIMSELF ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE IN HIS DISCUSSIONS OF FEUDAL, CAPITALIST, AND SOCIALIST EXPLOITATION.

Abstract
The modern slavery discourse has brought attention to the idea of 'human exploitation', which underpins a range of practices comprised by this popular umbrella term. Despite its extensive use, the concept of exploitation has never been defined in international law. This article articulates the necessary and sufficient conditions for the notion of exploitation in the context of the human rights prohibition against slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking. This is done by examining international legislation, jurisprudence and the philosophical discussions of this concept. Articulating the parameters of exploitation sets firm boundaries of this right while leaving enough room for its further refinement in light of the new and emerging forms of modern slavery. Such analysis is a pioneering effort at elucidating the theoretical foundations of the prohibition of slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking.