For John Stuart Mill pleasure and happiness are not the same thing, because a certain amount of pleasure enjoyed does not necessarily mean that a person achieves happiness in the same proportion. Happiness would be a general overview of well-being present not only in the individual, but in the entire society in which he lives. In this way Mill understands that there cannot be a society where all individuals have an unlimited amount of pleasures and that therefore there are suffering and unhappy people within the society. However, this situation changes over time among individuals, and his point of view values the sum of the well-being present among all people, leading to his principle of greater happiness. This happiness is not equal to that present in the school of virtues or even in deontology, it differs by addressing other issues such as the reason to promote the good, the implementation of the principle of preventing harm, helping the innocent and the consideration that the numbers do count, that is, your concern goes beyond the individual aspect. Therefore, happiness cannot be separated from morality, so the analysis of the consequences of actions in favor of greater happiness should not contradict the moral principles of human society. These moral principles serve as a guide for the judgment of human actions, which in turn, if considered correct and good, tend to the path of pleasure and consequently of happiness from Mill's utilitarian point of view.
Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter's gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful ; This work was funded by TOTAL under the framework of the Orogen project, with funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the research team RNM-194 of Junta de Andalucía (Spain). ; Peer reviewed
Spatial and social mobility in an increasingly globalized world is associated with new challenges for social sciences, including political science. This also applies to methods and methodology. The article aims to reveal the cognitive potential that lies in the use of multi–sited ethnography for research on politics and on the study of political behaviors (das Politische). The utility of this approach is illustrated on the basis of the research on social and spatial mobility of small town residents conducted with the use of this method.
In the nineteenth century, the utilitarian theorists wanted the reform of society by adopting the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers" (principle of utility), as proposed by Jeremy Bentham, form which also advocated education as one of the means to achieve these social changes. In this article we attempt to reconstruct central assumptions of Bentham´s theory expressed in his texts, namely A fragment on the government, Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation and Panopticon, which culminate in the educational project signaled in Chrestomathia. The methodology consists in historiographical review. The results and conclusions indicate that Bentham´s educational project of has not been sufficiently considered by later authors despite their influence.
The philosophy of organ allocation is the result of two seemingly irreconcilable principles: utilitarianism and distributive justice. The process of organ donation and transplantation in Brazil reveals large inequalities between regions and units of the Federation, from the harvesting of organs to their implantation. In this context, lung transplantation is performed in only a few centers in the country and is still a treatment with limited long-term results. The allocation of the few organs harvested for the few procedures performed is defined mainly by chronology, a criterion that is not linked to necessity, which is a criterion of distributive justice, and neither to utility, a criterion of utilitarianism. This article reviews the organ allocation philosophy focusing on the case of lung transplantations in Brazil.
By dynamically adapting good examples, accommodating these to the needs imposed by circumstances, Machiavelli reverberates multiple uses of imitatio from ancient and Renaissance authors. Imitation renovates ancient Virtù in civil practices and attitudes, providing encouragement for fulfilling political actions and pedagogical practices, as Machiavelli's role as secretary of Florence and his political, historical and literary writings attest. Thus, after reviewing the notion of imitatio, specifically in antiquity and renaissance, Machiavelli's arguments about the possibility of humans reaching Virtù are contextualized in the 'Discorsi, Prince, in Florentine Histories and the Art of War', specifically in the proposals to imitate the appropriate actions. Hence, investigations and analyzes of the past produces utility and delight, enhancing the 'flavor of human actions'. Consequently, Machiavelli's writings assure the impossibility of a predetermined definition among possible multiple options (ambiguity) as well as support the possibility to simultaneously choose two, apparently antagonistic, perspectives (ambivalence).
This paper aims to present the importance of movies in behavioral clinic, Inducing professionals, parents / guardians to use the insertion of films that frequently are shown manner fictitiously instigating the dynamic of interpersonal relationship as well as conducive ways of experiencing in society. The subject since work theorizes the use of films in behavioral clinical, as it behaviorism believes the behavior as action and reaction, by building specific stimuli which are in your space condicente reality. The stimuli brought about through the middle affect the conduct of the subject, so it is possible to interfere this behavior, through harmonic stimuli, In accordance with the individual behavior deficiency, therefore can create, reinforce or inhibit or not desirable behaviors. The work is based on theoretical research, literature review and analysis of cinematographic art. Where we work in tease out of the situational variables: stimulus, behavior and consequent stimulus. In the results achieved observes the positive utility of films as resources for work in clinical behavioral focused the learning of societal behaviors, argumentation, perception of reality, humor among others. Inspiring, personal development through of cinematographic art.
This paper analyzes the opportunities for greater participation of Brazilian police officers in United Nations peace operations, offering recommendations for facilitating such contributions and maximizing their impact with a view to Brazil's international profile. Following a presentation of the general evolution of peace operations with an emphasis on the rule of law component, the text introduces the tasks, doctrine and challenges of past police participation in these operations, using concrete examples, and discusses the national institutional arrangements that govern police components, including recruitment and training. The text's third section maps Brazilian internal processes, essentially in three phases: before, during and after deployment. The analysis begins with the selection process and training. Still before deployment, there is discussion of the provision of documents and health services to those deployed. Deployment itself is treated in some detail, with emphasis on officers' communication with Brazil and on legal and financial questions. The fourth and final section offers concrete policy recommendations for the continued utility of these contributions as an opportunity to strengthen Brazil's profile in an important international activity. The policy inputs are divided between the international, (Brazilian) federal and state levels.
Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwóch dekad wojska specjalne stały się ważnym elementem systemów obronnych wielu państw, wnosząc istotny wkład w prowadzone operacje wojskowe, oraz ogólny potencjał realizacji stawianych przed nimi zadań. Wynika to z unikalnych zdolności tego rodzaju wojsk, czyniących je szczególnie użytecznymi we współczesnym środowisku bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Czynniki te zadecydowały również o daleko idącej ewolucji i dynamicznym rozwoju polskich Wojsk Specjalnych. Celem artykułu jest analiza użyteczności jednostek specjalnych dla realizacji zasadniczych misji Sil Zbrojnych RP (zapisanych w Strategii Obronności RP) oraz prezentacja perspektyw ich dalszego rozwoju (przez pryzmat szans, wyzwań, ryzyk i zagrożeń). ; In the last two decades special operations forces became an important component of many states' defence systems, providing important contributions to actual military operations, as well as to a general potential for the achievement of given objectives. It stems chiefly from unique capabilities of those forces, which make them especially useful in the current international security environment. Those factors proved to be decisive for the far reaching evolution and dynamic development of Polish special forces. This article aims to analyse special operations forces' utility for the fulfilment of the Polish Armed Forces' basic missions (as stated in the Defence Doctrine), as well as to present perspectives for their further development (through the opportunities, challenges, risks and threats framework).
Patients' resistance may occur at any stage of psychotherapy or mediation process. The focus of this paper is on the resistance to use psychotherapy or family mediation. We also explore psychological grounds for the difficulties behind the decision to seek professional psychological help. The resistance in psychotherapy is one of the fundamental problems, hence a lot of research studies and practical techniques can be found regarding the determinants of resistance and strategies how to cope with it. However, in the family mediation literature the conceptualisation of resistance to enter the mediation process has rarely been investigated. In the present paper five main factors of the avoidance of counselling or psychotherapy are analysed, namely: (i) social stigma, (ii) treatment fears, (iii) fear of emotion, (iv) anticipated utility and risk, and (v) problems with self-disclosure. As far as the decision to enter family mediation is concerned the main sources of clients' resistance can be traced to negative convictions, attitudes and fears of the mediation process. The results of the author's own research on this subject show that the main components of resistance are: (1) disbelief in effectiveness of mediation, (2) attribution of negative characteristics to mediation, (3) reluctance to involvement of third party, and (4) fear of disclosure of secrets. In the final part of the paper a discussion of similarities between the factors determining the resistance to participate in psychotherapy and family mediation is presented.
Civil defence means actions aiming at protecting population, industrial plants, utility companies, and cultural goods, saving and helping the injured in times of war, as well as cooperating in fighting natural disasters and environmentas threats and in deletion of their effects. Vivil defence should function on the basis of the principle of generality, obligation, unvariability of organizational structure, complexity of operation, adequacy, readiness, decentralization of management, planning, support, and interterritorial solidarity. The central organ of government administration for civil defence is the Chief of Civil Defence of the Country, who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The motion is put forward by the minister of internal affairs. Provincial governors, starosts, borough leaders, presidents of towns or cities are local organs of civil defence. ; Obrona cywilna to działania mające na celu ochronę ludności, zakładów pracy i urządzeń użyteczności publicznej, dóbr kultury, ratowanie i udzielanie pomocy poszkodowanym w czasie wojny oraz współdziałanie w zwalczaniu klęsk żywiołowych i zagrożeń środowiska oraz usuwanie ich skutków. Obrona cywilna powinna funkcjonować na podstawie zasady powszechności, obowiązkowości, niezmienności struktur organizacyjnych, kompleksowości działania, adekwatności, gotowości, decentralizacji zarządzania, planowania, wsparcia i międzyterytorialnej solidarności. Centralnym organem administracji rządowej w sprawach obrony cywilnej jest szef Obrony Cywilnej Kraju, którego powołuje Prezes Rady Ministrów na wniosek ministra właściwego do spraw wewnętrznych. Terenowymi organami obrony cywilnej są wojewodowie, starostowie, wójtowie lub burmistrzowie (prezydenci miast).
The American stingless bees species have been used in management and breeding practices by local civilizations since the pre-Columbian era. Currently, many of these species are managed commercially and maintained in meliponaries. However, divergences exist among authors about the ecological utility of these practices. Some argue that meliponaries could serve to maintain local biodiversity while others argue that they have the opposite effect. Due to pressure from beekeepers and environmentalists there are efforts to draft specific rules that legislate production and market focusing on conservating native bees. In recent years, these norms have become more specific due to the use of empirical data from the scientific community and demands from social groups and producers. This paper presents a revision on Brazilian legislation as well its applicabilities and proposes alterations in the Environmental Crimes Law. ; As espécies de abelhas produtoras de mel e própolis nativas do continente americano têm sido usadas em práticas de manejo e reprodução por civilizações locais desde tempos pré-colombianos. Atualmente, muitas dessas espécies são manejadas comercialmente e mantidas em meliponários. No entanto, existem, na literatura, divergências sobre a utilidade ecológica dessas práticas. Alguns autores argumentam que os meliponários são fontes de manutenção da biodiversidade local, enquanto outros argumentam que eles têm o efeito oposto. Devido à pressão dos meliponicultores e ambientalistas, há esforços para elaborar regras específicas que legislem a produção e o mercado, focando na conservação das abelhas nativas. Nos últimos anos, essas normas tornaram-se mais específicas devido ao uso de dados empíricos da comunidade científica, e buscam atender a demanda dos grupos sociais e produtores. Este artigo propõe uma revisão da legislação brasileira, bem como sua aplicabilidade, e propõem alterações na Lei de Crimes Ambientais.
ABSTRACT Objective: to provide a reflection on the concepts, trends and possibilities of patent registration. Method: Reflective analysis. This is a descriptive study, based on theoretical frameworks about patent legislation, trends and possibilities. Results: a patent is a title of temporary ownership over an invention or utility model, granted by the State to inventors. The patent registration process in the country is considered very bureaucratic. The Intellectual Property Law (IPL) - number 9.279/1996 - establishes some criteria that must be considered in the registration of a patent. For a product to be patentable, the requirements of novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability must be met. The country's culture with regard to the production of scientific knowledge that generates patents is still insignificant. Final remarks: there is a need for improvement of the patenting process in Brazil. The possibility of a greater boost in research activities on industrial products in the area of healthcare is expected in the near future. Descriptors: Family Health; Biomedical Technology; Nursing. RESUMO Objetivo: proporcionar reflexão sobre os conceitos, tendências e possibilidades do registro de patente. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo análise reflexiva, apoiado em referenciais teóricos sobre a legislação de patentes, tendências e possibilidades. Resultados: uma patente é um título de propriedade temporária sobre uma invenção ou modelo de utilidade, outorgado pelo Estado aos inventores. O processo de depósito de patentes no país é considerado bastante burocrático. A Lei da Propriedade Intelectual, 9.279/1996, estabelece critérios que devem ser considerados no registro de uma patente. Para um produto ser patenteável, os requisitos de novidade, atividade inventiva e aplicação industrial devem ser contemplados. A cultura do país no que tange a produção de conhecimento científico que gera patente ainda é insignificante. Considerações finais: há necessidade de melhorias no que se refere ao processo de patenteamento no Brasil. Espera-se a possibilidade de um impulso maior nas pesquisas de produtos industriais na área da saúde. Descritores: Saúde da Família; Tecnologia em Saúde; Enfermagem. RESUMEN Objetivo: proporcionar la reflexión sobre los conceptos, tendencias y posibilidades del registro de patentes. Método: análisis reflexivo. Estudio descriptivo fundamentado en referenciales teóricos sobre la legislación de patentes, tendencias y posibilidades. Resultados: una patente es un título de propiedad temporal sobre una invención o modelo de utilidad, otorgado por el Estado a los inventores. El proceso de solicitud de patentes en el país se considera muy burocrático. La Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (9.279/1996) establece los criterios que deben ser considerados en el registro de una patente. Para que un producto sea patentable, los requisitos de novedad, actividad inventiva y aplicación industrial deben ser cumplidos. La cultura del país, en lo que respecta la producción de conocimiento científico que genera patentes, todavía es insignificante. Consideraciones finales: existe la necesidad de mejora en el proceso de patentamiento en Brasil. Para el futuro se espera la posibilidad de un mayor impulso a los estudios de productos industriales en el area de la salud. Descriptores: Salud de la Familia; Tecnología Biomédica; Enfermería. ; RESUMO Objetivo: proporcionar reflexão sobre os conceitos, tendências e possibilidades do registro de patente. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo análise reflexiva, apoiado em referenciais teóricos sobre a legislação de patentes, tendências e possibilidades. Resultados: uma patente é um título de propriedade temporária sobre uma invenção ou modelo de utilidade, outorgado pelo Estado aos inventores. O processo de depósito de patentes no país é considerado bastante burocrático. A Lei da Propriedade Intelectual, 9.279/1996, estabelece critérios que devem ser considerados no registro de uma patente. Para um produto ser patenteável, os requisitos de novidade, atividade inventiva e aplicação industrial devem ser contemplados. A cultura do país no que tange a produção de conhecimento científico que gera patente ainda é insignificante. Considerações finais: há necessidade de melhorias no que se refere ao processo de patenteamento no Brasil. Espera-se a possibilidade de um impulso maior nas pesquisas de produtos industriais na área da saúde. Descritores: Saúde da Família; Tecnologia em Saúde; Enfermagem. ABSTRACT Objective: to provide a reflection on the concepts, trends and possibilities of patent registration. Method: Reflective analysis. This is a descriptive study, based on theoretical frameworks about patent legislation, trends and possibilities. Results: a patent is a title of temporary ownership over an invention or utility model, granted by the State to inventors. The patent registration process in the country is considered very bureaucratic. The Intellectual Property Law (IPL) - number 9.279/1996 - establishes some criteria that must be considered in the registration of a patent. For a product to be patentable, the requirements of novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability must be met. The country's culture with regard to the production of scientific knowledge that generates patents is still insignificant. Final remarks: there is a need for improvement of the patenting process in Brazil. The possibility of a greater boost in research activities on industrial products in the area of healthcare is expected in the near future. Descriptors: Family Health; Biomedical Technology; Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: proporcionar la reflexión sobre los conceptos, tendencias y posibilidades del registro de patentes. Método: análisis reflexivo. Estudio descriptivo fundamentado en referenciales teóricos sobre la legislación de patentes, tendencias y posibilidades. Resultados: una patente es un título de propiedad temporal sobre una invención o modelo de utilidad, otorgado por el Estado a los inventores. El proceso de solicitud de patentes en el país se considera muy burocrático. La Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (9.279/1996) establece los criterios que deben ser considerados en el registro de una patente. Para que un producto sea patentable, los requisitos de novedad, actividad inventiva y aplicación industrial deben ser cumplidos. La cultura del país, en lo que respecta la producción de conocimiento científico que genera patentes, todavía es insignificante. Consideraciones finales: existe la necesidad de mejora en el proceso de patentamiento en Brasil. Para el futuro se espera la posibilidad de un mayor impulso a los estudios de productos industriales en el area de la salud. Descriptores: Salud de la Familia; Tecnología Biomédica; Enfermería.
