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The purpose of the article is specifics of translating medical texts; there are considered characteristic features of informative translation, «false friends of the translator» in medical texts, as well as the problem of translating such a lexical group as the group of abbreviations in the field of medical translation.

Byzantium is a wondrous mosaic, a palimpsest, a crossroads that joins East and West. It was the continuation of the Roman Empire and as a state pattern, included many ethnic groups with different cultural background, language, customs and religion. Byzantine culture was nourished by the diverse traditions of the people who composed it and which were involved in the shaping of the political and social status. This has resulted in Byzantium to be characterized as: multinational, multicultural, multilingual. Besides the internal diversity, Byzantium is a field of interactions with the neighboring people, foreign mercenaries but mostly with the large community of traders who sojourn in major urban centers, especially in Constantinople. In this study the presence of "others" will be considered basically through didactic texts, heroic poetry, satire and Byzantine Dreambooks. The Dreambooks(Oneirocritica) are popular vernacular texts, which aimed to predict the future through the interpretation of dreams. The Byzantine tradition of dream interpretation includes nine Dreambooks with a time range from Late Antiquity to the Late Byzantium (2nd century AD - 15th century AD). In the texts we will seek information about the attitude of the Byzantines against "others"(strangers), whether they are of another ethnicity and religion or belonging to a marginal group. Through dreams interpretation are reflected both the personal perceptions of dream interpreters and the dominant ideology: prejudices, stereotypes, and also the subsequent issues arising among ethnic and religious groups' interaction.

Published also, with some variations in texts, under title: The R.O.T.C. manual. Medical, basic. ; Second- edition has title: Military medical manual . A text and reference book of military training for the Medical corps, and imprint: Harrisburg, Pa., The Military service publishing company. ; First edition "Produced for the Military surgeon." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Abstract accepted for participation in a special issue of Textual Practice titled "Inscriptions of worldliness: linguistic materiality and the poetics of the vernacular", with Helena Bodin, Stefan Helgesson and Markus Huss serving as guest editors. The issue will appear in the summer of 2019. ; In Wunderkammer (2008), Finland-Swedish poet Ralf Andtbacka (b. 1963) explores the dynamics between orality and technology, and between writing, eroticism and desire, through the discussion and artistic use of the vernacular, i.e. dialectal, Ostrobothnian Swedish. Thematically and linguistically, the collection confronts its readers with a process where spoken words, as sounds, are transposed into visual objects on the book page. Writing is one of many technologies for collecting, preserving or reproducing the human voice through history; it also has a transformative power. Andtbacka's collection is a Wunderkammer of languages, jargons, intertextual references and encyclopedic exerpts fusing historical marginalia, transatlantic poetic influences and locally inscribed language. Furthermore, Wunderkammer engages with the historical legacy of Finland-Swedish language regulation, and brilliantly manages to work through a force field of purity and authenticity where the literary use of the vernacular has been either condemned or reterritorialized in terms of national identity and historical rootedness in a territory. In this article, I explore the the aesthetic and political ramifications of the dynamics of Ostrobothnian and technologies aimed at recording or reproducing the vernacular in Wunderkammer. These technologies include the literary work itself, as text, and in this context, Andtbacka's erotic poems involving the vernacular are central. From a perspective of literary multilingualism, multimodality and reader experience, and with inspiration from the critical work of Daniel Heller-Roazen and Naoki Sakai, I argue that Wunderkammer's hybrid eroto-poetics envisages a sensorially acute reimagining of difference, not only in terms of linguistic orders and borders, but also through the enactment of the malleability of the border between language and noise. ; Finland-Swedish poet Ralf Andtbacka's (b. 1963) Wunderkammer (2008) is ripe with languages, jargons, intertextual references and encyclopedic excerpts fusing historical marginalia, transatlantic poetic influences and locally inscribed language. Wunderkammer explores the dynamics between orality and technology and between language and desire through the discussion and artistic use of the vernacular, most prominently dialectal, Ostrobothnian Swedish. Thematically and linguistically, the collection confronts its readers with a process where spoken words, as sounds, are transposed into visual objects on the book page. Furthermore, Wunderkammer engages with the historical legacy of Finland-Swedish language regulation where the vernacular has been trapped in a force field defined by the poles of purity vs. authenticity. In this article, I explore the aesthetic and political ramifications of the dynamics of Ostrobothnian dialect and technologies aimed at recording or reproducing the vernacular in Wunderkammer. These technologies include the literary work itself, and in this context, Andtbacka's erotic poem 'Tongknoll' heavily featuring the vernacular is central. From a perspective of literary multilingualism, multimodality and reader experience, I argue that Wunderkammer envisages a sensorially acute reimagining of difference, not only in terms of linguistic orders and borders but also through the enactment of the malleability of the border between language and noise. ; Peer reviewed

Our argument here is that it is not too late for the vernacular, which is to say we should neither view it solely as a residual formation that is fading away quickly, nor solely associate it with often-reactionary, populist political cultures. On the contrary, given the precarious historical moment that we now experience to various degrees of acuteness, critical engagements with literature in the world—what is generally referred to as world literature—prompts a theorization of the vernacular. Our time, shaped by a long century of decolonization, new imperial formations, and emergent new technologies, is indeed an age that requires a different take on the vernacular. We cannot, as was arguably the case when Goethe famously coined the notion of world literature, take the West, or the "canon" or even print culture and the world market as points of departure for thinking literature in the world. Climate crises, rising economic inequalities, platform capitalism, growing populisms and activisms spur new attention to the active role of the local, the indigenous, the minor, and the peripheral in international literary flows and exchanges. This is where our volume wants to make a contribution by rethinking the vernacular through its various practices, functions, and meanings. The case studies brought together here explore the vernacular in different places, cultures, and historical moments. By means of different methodologies from literary studies, anthropology, linguistics, and history of ideas, they testify that the vernacular is not just one thing. It is always plural and shifting. And as a protean category, the vernacular should not be dismissed too quickly as if we always already know what it signifies, but should instead be rethought and explored time and time again for what it tells us about the variegated, uneven globe we inhabit and its cultures.

In all European countries, the eighteenth century was characterised by efforts to improve the vernaculars. The Transylvanian case study shows how both codified medical language and ordinary language were constructed and enriched by a large number of medical books and brochures. The publication of medical literature in Central European vernacular languages in order to popularise new medical knowledge was a comprehensive programme, designed on the one hand by intellectual, political and religious elites who urged the improvement of the fatherland and the promotion of the common good by perfecting the arts and sciences. On the other hand, the imperial administration's initiatives affected local forms of medical knowledge and the construction of vernacular languages. In the eighteenth century, the construction of vernacular languages in the Habsburg Monarchy took on a significant political character. However, in the process of building of the scientific and medical vocabulary, the main preoccupation was precision, clarity and accessibility of the neologisms being invented to encompass the medical phenomena being described. In spite of political conflicts among the 'nations' living in Transylvania, physicians borrowed words from German, Hungarian and Romanian. Thus they elevated several words used in everyday language to the upper social stratum of language use, leading to the invention of new terms to describe particular medical practices or phenomena.

With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, a lot of villages face serious brain-drain. A serious problem of culture deterioration arises except in a few traditional villages. Most newly built rural homes are weak and unsafe due to a lack of professional support and building codes. Many large-scale rural reconstruction projects initiated by the government fail because of corruption and irresponsibility. The rural residents suffer from the lack of infrastructure and the quality of their homes. Presently, there are a few grassroots, activists, architects, architectural critics, media and NGOs working for the renovation of Chinese vernacular architecture and rural settlement. Their works include architectural writing, installation artworks and projects in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to propose sustainable approaches and alternative patterns to settle grounds for Chinese contemporary rural construction, regarding architecture, decorative arts, construction systems and user's organization for promotion, by investigating, analyzing and comparing theories and some represented samples of traditional villages, renovation projects and installation artworks from the standpoints of technology, sociology, politics, art, philosophy, history and sustainability. ; Con el rápido progreso de la urbanización en China, muchas aldeas se enfrentan a una seria fuga de cerebros. Existe un grave problema de deterioro de la cultura, excepto en algunas aldeas tradicionales. La mayoría de los hogares rurales de nueva construcción son frágiles e inseguros debido a la falta de apoyo profesional y códigos de construcción. Muchos proyectos de reconstrucción rural a gran escala iniciados por el gobierno fracasan debido a la corrupción y a la irresponsabilidad. Los residentes rurales sufren de la falta de infraestructuras y la baja calidad de sus hogares. En la actualidad, hay unas pocas personas de base, activistas, arquitectos, críticos arquitectónicos, medios de comunicación y ONGs que trabajan para la renovación de la ...

With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, a lot of villages face serious brain-drain. A serious problem of culture deterioration arises except in a few traditional villages. Most newly built rural homes are weak and unsafe due to a lack of professional support and building codes. Many large-scale rural reconstruction projects initiated by the government fail because of corruption and irresponsibility. The rural residents suffer from the lack of infrastructure and the quality of their homes. Presently, there are a few grassroots, activists, architects, architectural critics, media and NGOs working for the renovation of Chinese vernacular architecture and rural settlement. Their works include architectural writing, installation artworks and projects in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to propose sustainable approaches and alternative patterns to settle grounds for Chinese contemporary rural construction, regarding architecture, decorative arts, construction systems and user's organization for promotion, by investigating, analyzing and comparing theories and some represented samples of traditional villages, renovation projects and installation artworks from the standpoints of technology, sociology, politics, art, philosophy, history and sustainability. ; Con el rápido progreso de la urbanización en China, muchas aldeas se enfrentan a una seria fuga de cerebros. Existe un grave problema de deterioro de la cultura, excepto en algunas aldeas tradicionales. La mayoría de los hogares rurales de nueva construcción son frágiles e inseguros debido a la falta de apoyo profesional y códigos de construcción. Muchos proyectos de reconstrucción rural a gran escala iniciados por el gobierno fracasan debido a la corrupción y a la irresponsabilidad. Los residentes rurales sufren de la falta de infraestructuras y la baja calidad de sus hogares. En la actualidad, hay unas pocas personas de base, activistas, arquitectos, críticos arquitectónicos, medios de comunicación y ONGs que trabajan para la renovación de la arquitectura vernácula china y los asentamientos rurales. Sus obras incluyen teoría y crítica arquitectónica, instalaciones artísticas y proyectos en zonas rurales. Este trabajo es un intento de proponer enfoques sostenibles y modelos alternativos para sentar las bases de la construcción rural contemporánea china, con respecto a la arquitectura, las artes decorativas, los sistemas constructivos y la organización de los usuarios para la promoción. La investigación analiza y compara teorías y muestras representativas de aldeas tradicionales, Proyectos de renovación e instalaciones artísticas desde los puntos de vista de la tecnología, la sociología, la política, el arte, la filosofía, la historia y la sostenibilidad. ; Postprint (published version)

This project examines the limitations imposed by photography as an apparatus for enabling memory and the archive. Also questioned is how the archive has been interpreted and used to illustrate the past into a fixed historical continuum. Here memories become determined as past events being prescribed by a politics of representation. For the archive, this is a loss of historicism that directed the research into examining how photography might evoke and reclaim meaning back into the present. The archival material I have used is a trace of decolonialism remembered through personal photographs, as detailed at length by a prisoner of war who perished in the Dutch East Indies during World War Two. An intangible relationship to the past is identified that engages the image as a discourse into the present. As a strategy to engage meaning, an approach to the image exploring phenomena is taken so as not to constrain the past by exclusion. The methods applied were based on interference and the materials' ghost as a way to elicit the image's voice. Thus my research explores real images both within and beyond the frame. Creating a new relationship with these materials became a basis for appropriation, interaction and opening up a temporal space for ongoing discourse. I have therefore explored different approaches and interactions as a way to engage the meaning of otherwise inert materials. The methods that have been explored identify the past as a way to progress from the limits of defined visual and historical structures. It is my intention that future encounters with ever-going accumulation of images might consider similar strategies.

Reginald Pecock and Vernacular Theology in Pre-Reformation England is about the adaptation of inaccessible Latin forms of discourse into texts intended primarily for an English reading lay population in Late Medieval England. It focuses on the surviving pedagogical and polemical texts written by Reginald Pecock in the middle of the fifteenth century: The Reule of Crysten Religioun , The Donet , The Folewer to the Donet , The Poore Mennis Myrrour , The Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy , and The Book of Faith . Pecock is significant for many reasons, both historical and linguistic. He was the most prolific English theologian of the fifteenth-century, writing in English at a time when doing so was fraught with political and religious implications. He was also the only sitting bishop to be convicted of heresy before the Reformation. Despite Pecock's importance to fifteenth-century history and literature, however, his writings have often been maligned and misunderstood, in large part because his style and language are famously difficult to follow. The project that I have undertaken attempts to close the conceptual gaps that make Pecock so difficult an encounter and to provide the critical tools and analysis that will open up his work to wider scholarly engagement. On that account, my dissertation provides both thorough literary analyses coupled with the linguistic and historical background that has heretofore been absent in Pecock studies. The first half of the dissertation is dedicated to the language and style of Pecock's works. It includes a systematic survey of Pecock's entire extant lexicon gathered from five source texts and the implications of Pecock's many new word formations, their etymologies and their types. It is the first such survey and the results have been very fruitful: Pecock's entire vocabulary numbers over 7,000 unique items and he forms 715 new lexical items. The second half of the dissertation is the first systematic analysis of Pecock's pedagogical system, one which he terms the "Four Tables of God's Law" and saw as a better teaching alternative than the Ten Commandments. It compares Pecock's techniques to his contemporaries, both orthodox and heretical, lay and religious. Fundamentally, the project moves from specific issues dealing with Pecock's language use and progressively broadens in scope and analysis to situate Pecock and his writings at the transition between the Medieval and Early Modern eras. The underlying organization of my approach is structurally cumulative: from individual words to sentences, from sentences to the argumentative units that they contain, from those argumentative units to the genres in which they operate, and finally, how all of those elements together relate to the curriculum of the layman. It is a forward-looking and increasingly open research program that aspires to show the relevance of Pecock as an educator, writer, and theologian within the broader story of the reform movements in England that brought with them an increase in vernacular instruction.

With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, a lot of villages face serious brain-drain. A serious problem of culture deterioration arises except in a few traditional villages. Most newly built rural homes are weak and unsafe due to a lack of professional support and building codes. Many large-scale rural reconstruction projects initiated by the government fail because of corruption and irresponsibility. The rural residents suffer from the lack of infrastructure and the quality of their homes. Presently, there are a few grassroots, activists, architects, architectural critics, media and NGOs working for the renovation of Chinese vernacular architecture and rural settlement. Their works include architectural writing, installation artworks and projects in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to propose sustainable approaches and alternative patterns to settle grounds for Chinese contemporary rural construction, regarding architecture, decorative arts, construction systems and user's organization for promotion, by investigating, analyzing and comparing theories and some represented samples of traditional villages, renovation projects and installation artworks from the standpoints of technology, sociology, politics, art, philosophy, history and sustainability. ; Con el rápido progreso de la urbanización en China, muchas aldeas se enfrentan a una seria fuga de cerebros. Existe un grave problema de deterioro de la cultura, excepto en algunas aldeas tradicionales. La mayoría de los hogares rurales de nueva construcción son frágiles e inseguros debido a la falta de apoyo profesional y códigos de construcción. Muchos proyectos de reconstrucción rural a gran escala iniciados por el gobierno fracasan debido a la corrupción y a la irresponsabilidad. Los residentes rurales sufren de la falta de infraestructuras y la baja calidad de sus hogares. En la actualidad, hay unas pocas personas de base, activistas, arquitectos, críticos arquitectónicos, medios de comunicación y ONGs que trabajan para la renovación de la arquitectura vernácula china y los asentamientos rurales. Sus obras incluyen teoría y crítica arquitectónica, instalaciones artísticas y proyectos en zonas rurales. Este trabajo es un intento de proponer enfoques sostenibles y modelos alternativos para sentar las bases de la construcción rural contemporánea china, con respecto a la arquitectura, las artes decorativas, los sistemas constructivos y la organización de los usuarios para la promoción. La investigación analiza y compara teorías y muestras representativas de aldeas tradicionales, Proyectos de renovación e instalaciones artísticas desde los puntos de vista de la tecnología, la sociología, la política, el arte, la filosofía, la historia y la sostenibilidad. ; Postprint (published version)

Throughout the last decades, the human being has begun to be aware of the wear and tear of our planet derived from a wild exploitation of the territory and an irrational use of resources. Since the 80s, and especially from the publication from the Brundtland Report, governments and societies have been in need of reflection on the construction of a more sustainable future. Since architecture consumes a large part of the energy generated, construction professionals have also been in need of an effort in this regard. Soon, some architects found at the traditional vernacular architecture an example of sustainable buildings because this architecture brings together the three principles on which it is based: environmental, sociocultural, and socioeconomic sustainability. This paper focuses on sociocultural sustainability, which is often relegated to the last level because it is not easy to exhibit that knowledge and tradition are also resources to conserve. Throughout the following pages, some of the parameters of sociocultural sustainability that found in vernacular architecture will be analyzed. Starting from the work carried out by the VERSUS team, we will try to value aspects such as the preservation of the cultural landscape or the constructive cultures.

Throughout the last decades, the human being has begun to be aware of the wear and tear of our planet derived from a wild exploitation of the territory and an irrational use of resources. Since the 80s, and especially from the publication from the Brundtland Report, governments and societies have been in need of reflection on the construction of a more sustainable future. Since architecture consumes a large part of the energy generated, construction professionals have also been in need of an effort in this regard. Soon, some architects found at the traditional vernacular architecture an example of sustainable buildings because this architecture brings together the three principles on which it is based: environmental, sociocultural, and socioeconomic sustainability. This paper focuses on sociocultural sustainability, which is often relegated to the last level because it is not easy to exhibit that knowledge and tradition are also resources to conserve. Throughout the following pages, some of the parameters of sociocultural sustainability that found in vernacular architecture will be analyzed. Starting from the work carried out by the VERSUS team, we will try to value aspects such as the preservation of the cultural landscape or the constructive cultures.

Since 2015, the 'refugee crisis' in Greece has turned the Eastern Mediterranean migration route into one of the main entry points to Europe. In response, a grassroots solidarity movement has emerged in the Aegean islands that has become instrumental for boat rescue at sea, and for camp service provision. These local and international volunteers, as well as refugees, identify as 'New Humanitarians'. This paper presents the emic aspects of the 'New Humanitarians', and focuses on vernacular actors and how they challenge the humanitarian landscape in Greece by examining their principles, practices, and discourse. A key finding is that the 'New Humanitarian' principles that they model revisit the existing ones—i.e. solidarity, hospitality, equality, and agency. Other findings show that the 'New Humanitarians' are reproducing governing technologies imposed by the government and other agencies. They do so while trying to contest mainstream humanitarianism and pleading for much-needed change in the European border regime and refugee management systems.

The traditional market is a trade sector with its characteristics, such as the interaction between sellers and buyers when bargaining for merchandise. Nowadays, its presence, especially in Medan, is getting replaced by the presence of modern markets such as shopping centers because the market conditions themselves are increasingly shabby and unkempt over time. Thus, people will become more shifting to the shopping center, which is cleaner, safer, and have more varied sales. Therefore, lots of efforts have been made by the government by issuing policies such as the presence of the Build Operate Transfer (BOT) system, the rebuilding of traditional markets, and the rearrangement and redevelopment of traditional markets to compete with modern markets. With the Neo-Vernacular Architecture approach, the project will design by lifting local wisdom around the design area. Medan Tembung, Aksara, as the selected site, is quite strategic, which is the site of ex-Buana Plaza that has burned along its market, also located on one of the main routes to the highway gate of Kualanamu, and is an area with cultural values that still exist but began to disappear. Through this design, it's expected to increase the return of public interest to traditional markets and also improve the regional economy that also does not forget to raise local wisdom.