Suchergebnisse

Zoonoses are infectious diseases transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Several important zoonotic pathogens colonize farm animals asymptomatically, which may lead to contamination of the food chain and public health hazards. Moreover, routine sampling of carcasses at retail by government authorities over the past 20 years suggests the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens has increased. If this continues, antibiotics may be ineffective against such pathogens in the future and alternative approaches, such as phage therapy, may be necessary. Intensive livestock farming is the only realistic way of meeting the demand for meat from an increasing global population and growth in middle class consumers in developing countries, particularly in Asia. This review elaborates on the use of phages to control zoonotic pathogens in intensively-reared livestock (poultry and pigs).

This article presents a comparative analysis of legal regulation of drug production for veterinary use and drugs for medical use in the process of transition to the European system of rules, regulations and guidelines for the production of medicines - GMP. And also about the difficulties associated with the imperfection of the system in the current legislation. © 2018, Folium Ltd. All rights reserved.

The collapse of South Asia's Gyps vulture populations is attributable to the veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Vultures died after feeding on carcasses of recently-medicated animals. The governments of India, Nepal and Pakistan banned the veterinary use of diclofenac in 2006. We analysed results of 62 necropsies and 48 NSAID assays of liver and/or kidney for vultures of five species found dead in India between 2000 and 2012. Visceral gout and diclofenac were detected in vultures from nine states and three species: Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps himalayensis. Visceral gout was found in every vulture carcass in which a measurable level of diclofenac was detected. Meloxicam, an NSAID of low toxicity to vultures, was found in two vultures and nimesulide in five vultures. Nimesulide at elevated tissue concentrations was associated with visceral gout in four of these cases, always without diclofenac, suggesting that nimesulide may have similar toxic effects to those of diclofenac. Residues of meloxicam on its own were never associated with visceral gout. The proportion of Gyps vultures found dead in the wild in India with measurable levels of diclofenac in their tissues showed a modest and non-significant decline since the ban on the veterinary use of diclofenac. The prevalence of visceral gout declined less, probably because some cases of visceral gout from 2008 onwards were associated with nimesulide rather than diclofenac. Veterinary use of nimesulide is a potential threat to the recovery of vulture populations.

The danger of animal complications due to drug therapy increases the responsibility of developers/manufacturers for the safety of medicinal products for veterinary use, including those in civilian circulation. At the time of making a decision on the state registration of a drug, information obtained during its preclinical and clinical studies on undesirable reactions and side effects cannot be complete, since these studies are limited to a small number and similarity of experimental animals and a relatively short duration of experiments. In addition, with long-term use of the drug may be delayed adverse side reactions that can occur months and years after exposure of the drug to a living organism. Considering this, the pharmacovigilance system should function effectively in the producer (or developer) of the drug, the main task of which is monitoring monitoring of drug safety during the pre-registration period, tracking and analyzing data on the effect of the drug when it is in public circulation, and taking adequate measures to prevent adverse effects of drug therapy. As a result of the analysis, data on regulatory and methodological documents on the organization of monitoring the safety of pharmacological drugs were systematized, recommendations prepared with the provisions of international and domestic legislative regulatory and information documents related to the methodology of organizing pharmacovigilance and monitoring drug safety were prepared. ; Опасность развития у животных осложнений вследствие лекарственной терапии повышает ответственность разработчиков/производителей за безопасность лекарственных препаратов для ветеринарного применения, в том числе находящихся в гражданском обороте. На момент принятия решения о государственной регистрации лекарственного препарата информация, полученная в процессе его доклинических и клинических исследований о нежелательных реакциях и побочном действии, не может быть полной, так как эти исследования ограничены небольшим количеством и аналогичностью подопытных животных и относительно короткой продолжительностью экспериментов. Кроме этого, при длительном применении препарата возможны отсроченные неблагоприятные побочные реакции, которые могут возникать через месяцы и годы после воздействия лекарственного средства на живой организм. Учитывая это, в организации-производителе (или организации-разработчике) лекарственного препарата должна эффективно функционировать система фармаконадзора, основной задачей которой является мониторинговые исследования безопасности лекарственных средств в предрегистрационный период, отслеживание и анализ данных о действии лекарственного препарата, когда он находится в гражданском обороте, и принятие адекватных мер для предупреждения неблагоприятных последствий лекарственной терапии. В результате проведенного анализа систематизированы данные нормативно-правовых и методических документов по вопросам организации мониторинга безопасности фармакологических лекарственных средств, подготовлены рекомендации, актуализированные с положениями международных и отечественных законодательных нормативных и информационно-справочных документов, относящихся к методологии организации фармаконадзора и мониторингу безопасности лекарственных средств.

The globally increasing level of antimicrobial resistance affects both human and animal health, why it is necessary to identify ways to change our current use of antimicrobials. The veterinary herd health collaboration between veterinarians and dairy farmers provides a useful setting for changing antimicrobial use in livestock. However, farmers and veterinarians work in a complex agricultural setting influenced by socio-economic factors, which complicates their choices regarding antimicrobial usage. It is therefore necessary to be aware of the range of potential influencing factors and to integrate this knowledge in the relevant local settings. This manuscript presents a literature review of relevant factors relating to antimicrobial use within the veterinary herd health consultancy setting, including knowledge gaps of relevance for changing the use of antimicrobials. An enriched version of the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to organise the literature review. We identified diverging attitudes on correct treatment practices and perceptions of antimicrobial resistance among veterinarians and farmers, influenced by individual risk perception as well as social norms. Furthermore, disagreements in terms of goal setting and in the frequency of herd visits in relation to herd health consultancy can negatively influence the collaboration and the intention to change antimicrobial use. Farmers and veterinarians emphasise the importance of legislation and the role of the dairy industry in changing antimicrobial use, but the relevance of specific factors depends on the country-specific context. Overall, farmers and veterinarians must communicate better to understand each other's perspectives and establish common goals within the collaboration if they are to work efficiently to reduce antimicrobial use. Farmers and veterinarians both requested changes in individual behaviour; however, they also called for national and structural solutions in terms of balanced legislation and the availability of better diagnostics to facilitate a change in antimicrobial use practices. These various paths to achieving the desired changes in antimicrobial use illustrate the need to bridge methodological research approaches of veterinary science and social sciences for a better understanding of our potential to change antimicrobial use within the dairy farm animal sector.

The globally increasing level of antimicrobial resistance affects both human and animal health, why it is necessary to identify ways to change our current use of antimicrobials. The veterinary herd health collaboration between veterinarians and dairy farmers provides a useful setting for changing antimicrobial use in livestock. However, farmers and veterinarians work in a complex agricultural setting influenced by socio-economic factors, which complicates their choices regarding antimicrobial usage. It is therefore necessary to be aware of the range of potential influencing factors and to integrate this knowledge in the relevant local settings. This manuscript presents a literature review of relevant factors relating to antimicrobial use within the veterinary herd health consultancy setting, including knowledge gaps of relevance for changing the use of antimicrobials. An enriched version of the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to organise the literature review. We identified diverging attitudes on correct treatment practices and perceptions of antimicrobial resistance among veterinarians and farmers, influenced by individual risk perception as well as social norms. Furthermore, disagreements in terms of goal setting and in the frequency of herd visits in relation to herd health consultancy can negatively influence the collaboration and the intention to change antimicrobial use. Farmers and veterinarians emphasise the importance of legislation and the role of the dairy industry in changing antimicrobial use, but the relevance of specific factors depends on the country-specific context. Overall, farmers and veterinarians must communicate better to understand each other's perspectives and establish common goals within the collaboration if they are to work efficiently to reduce antimicrobial use. Farmers and veterinarians both requested changes in individual behaviour; however, they also called for national and structural solutions in terms of balanced legislation and the availability of better ...

Although its use remains controversial, homeopathy has been proposed as an integrative approach alongside conventional medicine. This systematic review aimed to validate the use of homeopathy in veterinary using randomized controlled trials as the gold standard methodology. We performed a broad bibliographic search on the use of homeopathy in veterinary medicine published between 2016 and 2023, following the prerequisites and protocol established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane Training. All searched studies were excluded if they did not fit the chosen methodology. Studies were identified based on their data and passed through a selection process. The selected studies were then assessed for risk of bias. The initial database search yielded 161 documents. Of these, 126 studies were excluded because they were not within the scope of the review, either by title or abstract. In total, 35 articles remained and underwent a data extraction process followed by study selection. Due to its methodologies, many studies with high sampling densities, encompassing numerous species and diseases, were not included in this review. Eight articles met the requirements of the present study. The articles predominantly focused on diseases, which may be attributed to the fact that treating such diseases makes it easier to validate the use of homeopathics in veterinary medicine, rather than solely employing it for prevention, as observed in the majority of the outcomes. Only four studies exhibited an overall low risk of bias. There is a scant number of robust evidence for veterinary homeopathy. With that, further randomized controlled trials involving the same species are warranted to valitade its use; the limited number of articles did not allow us to conduct a meta-analysis. This systematic review illustrates the need for a better description of the methodologies used in these studies.

The conservation of anatomical pieces goes back five thousand years, beyond ancient Egypt for political and religious purposes. In the 12th century, with the appearance of the University, new techniques were implemented as the corpse became a necessary tool for teaching. During the last two centuries, since the year of its discovery in 1867, formaldehyde has been used as the main source for conservation. However, several years ago, anatomy laboratories around the world have resorted to new techniques and mixtures in order to reduce its use and its reported negative effects on health, such as cancer. This work shows the obtaining of anatomical pieces, by means of the Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution (SFCCh), its process, analysis and experience are described in the following pages.

Use of antimicrobials in animals poses a potential risk for public health as it contributes to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although knowledge of the negative consequences of extensive antimicrobial use in humans and animals accumulated over the decades, total therapeutic antimicrobial use in farm animals in the Netherlands doubled between 1990 and 2007. A series of facts and events formed a window of opportunity to reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals. The recent discovery of significant reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL) in farm animals, with potential public health implications, combined with an increasing lack of confidence of the public in intensive livestock industries, and discrepancy between the very low antimicrobial use in humans and high use in animals, resulted in intensive collaboration between the government, veterinary professional organizations and important stakeholders within the livestock sector. A combination of compulsory and voluntary actions with clear reduction goals resulted in a 56% reduction in antimicrobial use in farm animals in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2012 and aims at accomplishing a 70% reduction target in 2015. This article describes and analyses the processes and actions behind this transition from an abundant antimicrobial use in farm animals towards a more prudent application of antimicrobials in farm animals in the Netherlands.

Laboratory classes in which animals are seriously harmed or killed, or which use cadavers or body parts from ethically debatable sources, are controversial within veterinary and other biomedical curricula. Along with the development of more humane teaching methods, this has increasingly led to objections to participation in harmful animal use. Such cases raise a host of issues of importance to universities, including those pertaining to curricular design and course accreditation, and compliance with applicable animal welfare and antidiscrimination legislation. Accordingly, after detailed investigation, some universities have implemented formal policies to guide faculty responses to such cases, and to ensure that decisions are consistent and defensible from legal and other policy perspectives. However, many other institutions have not yet done so, instead dealing with such cases on an ad hoc basis as they arise. Among other undesirable outcomes this can lead to insufficient student and faculty preparation, suboptimal and inconsistent responses, and greater likelihood of legal challenge. Accordingly, this paper provides pertinent information about the evolution of conscientious objection policies within Australian veterinary schools, and about the jurisprudential bases for conscientious objection within Australia and the USA. It concludes with recommendations for the development and implementation of policy within this arena.

Laboratory classes in which animals are seriously harmed or killed, or which use cadavers or body parts from ethically debatable sources, are controversial within veterinary and other biomedical curricula. Along with the development of more humane teaching methods, this has increasingly led to objections to participation in harmful animal use. Such cases raise a host of issues of importance to universities, including those pertaining to curricular design and course accreditation, and compliance with applicable animal welfare and antidiscrimination legislation. Accordingly, after detailed investigation, some universities have implemented formal policies to guide faculty responses to such cases, and to ensure that decisions are consistent and defensible from legal and other policy perspectives. However, many other institutions have not yet done so, instead dealing with such cases on an ad hoc basis as they arise. Among other undesirable outcomes this can lead to insufficient student and faculty preparation, suboptimal and inconsistent responses, and greater likelihood of legal challenge. Accordingly, this paper provides pertinent information about the evolution of conscientious objection policies within Australian veterinary schools, and about the jurisprudential bases for conscientious objection within Australia and the USA. It concludes with recommendations for the development and implementation of policy within this arena.