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DEFINITION OF THE TERM: Arriving at an adequate definition of the term "violence" is problematic due to the complexity involved in understanding the intentions of a perpetrator of violence. Different approaches to violence depend on the researcher's methodological and contentual approach. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM: The article outlines the historical context of the various approaches to violence, including those of the Sophists and those formulated within modern political philosophy founded on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The two concepts differ but share the conviction that institutional violence used by a sovereign is an important aspect of enforcing legal order in a state. DISCUSSION OF THE TERM: Violence is not a typical ethical problem. In this section of the article, the causes of violence are analysed and characterised from psychological, sociological, and cognitive science perspectives. Violent behaviour is treated as resulting from both individual and socio-institutional dysfunctions. Analysis is based on axiological theories (Max Scheler), political philosophy (Hannah Arendt), theories based on cognitive research on the causes of evil (Simon Baron-Cohen), and the findings of social psychologists and sociologists who investigate violence (Irena Pospiszyl, Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczyńska, Jacek Pyżalski). SYSTEMATIC REFLECTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The philosophical approach to violence seeks to understand the essential nature of violence, which in the context of this article is understood as a key aspect of moral evil. We often encounter various forms of aggression and violence (both physical and mental) in social life. Recently, we have witnessed an intensification of verbal and pictorial violence within the media. This section of the article lists the publications that are devoted to violence (apart from those that are included in the References). ; Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow ; Anzenbacher, A. (2010). Chrisliche Sozialethik. Einführung und Prinzipen [Wprowadzenie do chrześcijańskiej etyki społecznej], trans. L. Łysień. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and Judgment [Odpowiedzialność osobista w warunkach dyktatury], trans. W. Madej and M. Godyń. In: H. Arendt, Odpowiedzialność i władza sądzenia. Warszawa: Pruszyński i S-ka. Violence 275 Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Zero Degrees of Evil [Teoria zła. O empatii i genezie okrucieństwa], trans. A. Nowak. Sopot: Wydawnictwo Smak Słowa. Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan [Lewiatan, czyli materia, forma i władza państwa kościelnego i świeckiego], trans. Cz. Znamierowski. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Krokiewicz, A. (1995). Zarys filozofii greckiej. Od Talesa do Platona. Arystoteles, Pirron i Plotyn. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. (2005). Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church. Kielce: Wydawnictwo Jedność. Retrieved from: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace (accessed: 18.02.2020). Pospiszyl, I. (2008). Przemoc w rodzinie. In: B. Urban and J.M. Stanik (ed.), Resocjalizacja. Vol. 2. Warszawa: PWSPR, PWN, 71‒80. Pyżalski, J. (2012). Agresja elektroniczna wśród dzieci i młodzieży. Kraków: Impuls. Rousseau, J.-J. (1956). Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité [Rozprawa o pochodzeniu nierówności], transl. H. Elzenberg. In: J.-J. Rousseau, Trzy rozprawy z filozofii społecznej. Warszawa: PWN, 107–278. Scheler, M. (1988). Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik [Stosunek wartości "dobry" i "zły" do pozostałych wartości i do dóbr] (fragm.), trans. W. Galewicz. In: W. Galewicz (ed.), Z fenomenologii wartości. Teksty filozoficzne. Kraków: Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, 60–66. Wojtyła, K. (1986). Wykłady lubelskie. Człowiek i moralność. Part III. Ed. T. Styczeń et al. Lublin: Wydawnictwo TN KUL. Widera-Wysoczyńska, A. (2010), Mechanizmy p

This paper aims at investigating the presence of the dichotomy of violence and non-violence in contemporary Palestinian political rhetoric and practice. To do so, I will explore the varied Palestinian discourses tracing from the contemporary back to the early twentieth century, where I will interrogate anti-colonials practice both in violent and non-violent modes. Throughout, I will map-out the different agencies and the fields of argumentation of each political entity, and its justifications as a group living under colonial conditions. This article consists of three parts: part I tackles the conceptual framework of the dichotomy of violence and non-violence; part II explores the historiography of the modes of violence and non-violence; and part III traces the controversy within Palestinian society over the topic at stake from the early 1900s until the present.

This article reads David Treuer's 2016 novel Prudence as Indigenous war fiction. Prudence collapses the distinctions between battle- and home-front, between past and present, between right and wrong. This collapse allows for an exploration of violence and war and its role in establishing and maintaining nationhood. Examining the role of Indigenous bodies within this context extends the cultural and political implications of war fiction beyond a mere critique of war in its immidiacy; instead it elaborates on the continuities of colonial violence within a global context, questioning the singularity of war and detailing the realities of Indigenous life within northern America.

International audience ; How can the study of sound and music help us to understand collective violence and war? How can the study of war and collective violence help us to understand the importance of musical practices and listening for human beings? This special issue of Transposition explores these questions through an analysis of the links between sound, music and violence. ; De quelle façon l'étude du son et de la musique peut-elle aider à comprendre la violence collective et la guerre ? Comment l'étude de la guerre et de la violence collective peut-elle aider à comprendre l'importance des pratiques musicales et de l'écoute pour les êtres humains ? Ce numéro hors-série de Transposition propose d'explorer ces questions à partir de l'analyse des liens entre son, musique et violence.

International audience ; How can the study of sound and music help us to understand collective violence and war? How can the study of war and collective violence help us to understand the importance of musical practices and listening for human beings? This special issue of Transposition explores these questions through an analysis of the links between sound, music and violence. ; De quelle façon l'étude du son et de la musique peut-elle aider à comprendre la violence collective et la guerre ? Comment l'étude de la guerre et de la violence collective peut-elle aider à comprendre l'importance des pratiques musicales et de l'écoute pour les êtres humains ? Ce numéro hors-série de Transposition propose d'explorer ces questions à partir de l'analyse des liens entre son, musique et violence.

On October 10, 2006, in a report to the General Assembly of the United Nations, Secretary- General Kofi Annan presented an in-depth study on all forms of violence against women. According to the report, "at least one out of three women experienced violence at some stage in their lives"; violence against women is thus not a characteristic of some countries. It is a global problem and "a serious public policy problem in all stable democracies," according to Weldon. For example, in France, the human rights organization Amnesty International reports, "one out of ten women is victim of domestic violence." Official data indicate that perpetrators of domestic violence kill on average one woman every three days in France. Violence against women, as spelled out in Article 1 of the 1993 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, refers to acts – happening specifically to women because they are women – that restrict, impair, or nullify women's ability to exercise their equal rights and freedoms as citizens, that is, threats, coercion, and arbitrary deprivations of liberty that "result in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women" whether it happens "in public or private life."

"A staff report not a report of the Commission."--Cover. ; "A staff report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence."--Cover. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Violence is a confounding concept. It frequently defies explanation and lacks an agreed upon definition. Yet geographers are well positioned to bring greater conceptual clarity to violence by thinking through its intersections with space. In setting the tone for this special issue on Violence and Space we highlight some of the key lines of flight that have shaped geographical thinking on violence. While there are a significant number of geographers interested in the question of violence, the field of 'geographies of violence' remains an emerging area of research that deserves greater attention and a more rigorous examination. By emphasizing the spatiality of violence, this special issue aims to contribute to a more sustained conversation on the violent geographies that shape our daily lives, our encounters with institutions, and the various structures that configure our social organization. This introduction is but an initial sketch of what we believe needs to be a much larger and unfolding research agenda dedicated to understanding violence from a geographical perspective. ; Departmentof Geography, Universityof Victoria

The benefits of winning elections, and the disadvantages of losing them, must be reduced to avoid the violence that a winner-takes-all situation can trigger. Election observers should pay more attention to subtle forms of violence, intra-party tensions and incumbents playing the security card to justify increased use of force. This policy note considers how to curb the increase of violence in African elections. ; This policy note is based on the book Violence in African Elections , edited by Mimmi Söderberg Kovacs and Jesper Bjarnesen (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-2185). It is a collection of eleven case studies from different Sub-Saharan countries, offering a comprehensive examination of the causes of Africa's violent electoral clashes, and the consequences for African democratization and peace-keeping.

This research report by Trinity FLAC was conducted in association with the Rape Crisis Network. The report provides an overview of sexual violence in Ireland, taking a holistic approach that examines the societal values and political realities which surround the law as much as the law itself.?

This dissertation is about an impoverished, African American neighborhood in Oakland, California where the murders of Antoine and Danny occurred. I map the conditions that made their tragic deaths both possible and logical within a racialized vernacular of social, political and economic tidings that enunciate what is seen as a usual, American experience for such a place--a place that is often defined by its high levels of violence. I do this by writing about my own experiences living in this neighborhood, having bought a house here in 1999, as well as those of my neighbors and the families of the victims. Furthermore, I ethnographically engage its storied history, documenting those structures that frame its violence and consequently, molded these deaths. Therefore I look at migration, displacement, and the evocation of privilege and the provocation of poverty. I write about overt and covert racism, struggle, promise and deception. I document the people and policies that greedily promote the hoarding of prosperity and the generous sharing of its losses. I notice the effects of transportation on geography, community, subjectivity and suffering. I learn how wars, both large and small, near and far, seem somehow to always penetrate our lives. And finally, about the unnatural effects of natural disasters; and specifically, how such a seemingly random event as an earthquake, "an act from God," can wiggle its way into a history of racialized oppression in the United States and emerge as a trigger of vulnerability in a homicide epidemic.

In the time period 2012–2013, over 20 national elections and two constitutional referendums are scheduled in Africa. In several of these elections, violence is anticipated to play a prominent role. There is great urgency to support the establishment of effective and legitimate electoral institutions and electoral frameworks; institute reforms aimed at lowering the stakes of elections; encourage the devolution of powers; improve the socio-economic standing of the populace; and devise strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence.

Elections are held in nearly all countries in the contemporary world. Yet despite their aim of allowing for peaceful transfers of power, elections held outside of consolidated democracies are often accompanied by substantial violence. This special issue introduction article establishes electoral violence as a subtype of political violence with distinct analytical and empirical dynamics. We highlight how electoral violence is distinct from other types of organized violence, but also how it is qualitatively different from nonviolent electoral manipulation. The article then surveys what we have learned about the causes and consequences of electoral violence, identifies important research gaps in the literature, and proceeds to discuss the articles included in the special issue. The contributions advance research in four domains: the micro-level targeting and consequences of electoral violence, the institutional foundations of electoral violence, the conditions leading to high-stakes elections, and electoral violence in the context of other forms of organized violence. The individual articles are methodologically and geographically diverse, encompassing ethnography, survey vignette and list experiments and survey data, quantitative analyses of subnational and crossnational event data, and spanning Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

This review presents the major lines of investigation regarding violence in Africa since the Cold War. After a historical introduction to the development of violentphenomena and their political contexts, diverse issues such as civil war, democratization, vigilantism, and the role of youth are assessed. It is argued that recentresearch has produced important insights by re-focusing on violent phenomena beyond the state. Yet despite the increasing number of non-state violentactors active on the African continent, to speak of a "privatization" of violence may be premature.

Elections are in theory democratic means of resolving disputes and making collective decisions, yet too often force is employed to distort the electoral process. The post-Cold War increase in the number of electoral authoritarian and hybrid states has brought this problem into relief. In recent years the prevention of electoral violence has played an increasingly large role in the democratic assistance activities undertaken by international agencies, following increased awareness within the international community of the specific security challenges that elections entail. However, there has to date been little systematic evaluation of the success of different electoral violence prevention (EVP) strategies in reforming electoral institutions so as to enable them to maintain the peace during the electoral period. This paper assesses the effectiveness of two common types of international EVP activity. Using a new global dataset of electoral violence prevention strategies between 2003 and 2015, this paper finds evidence that capacity-building strategies reduce violence by non-state actors, whereas attitude-transforming strategies are associated with a reduction in violence by state actors and their allies. The findings are relevant both for understanding the dynamics of electoral violence, and also for policy-makers and electoral assistance providers in the international community who have responsibility for the design of democratic assistance projects in states at risk of electoral violence.