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The paper considers the votive practices and gifts known in the Russian religious tradition. The author gives an overview of individual and collective vows common in medieval and imperial Russia, as well as the main types of votive gifts: buildings (churches, chapels), crosses, icons, reliquaries, icon salaries, church embroidery, fabrics, anatomical weights, precious gifts to icons, etc. Votive actions were the most important social tool for creating a variety of religious objects, from monumental (like monastery buildings and city cathedrals) to small (like shawls, towels or pendants in the form of a diseased organ). At the same time, the action of making, bringing, using the votive object and the material object itself were inextricably linked – the word 'vow' in Russia meant not only a promise, but also a monetary contribution to a monastery or church, and a votive object, and animals fattened for a sacrifice to a saint (holiday), and any other kind of gift, material or actional. As the author notes, a review of these traditions helps to better understand modern votive practices that have actively spread in Russia in the last decade.

In order to understand modern sociocultural spiritual process in Kazakhstan is impossible without reference to the historical intellectual heritage. Throughout history, like many other nationalities, the Kazakh people have associated their spiritual feelings and beliefs with the sacred. In Kazakhstan, along with Islam, many sacred places of pilgrimage and sacrifice have emerged. Mythology, centered around the sacred world of holy places and sacrifices, has become the basis of national cultural values, ethical norms about the unity of people, society and nature. As a requirement of the cultural traditions they adopted, people believed that those dear to them should be respected even after their death. To honor this belief, they engaged in practices such as making offerings and visited the belongings of these people, the places they lived and their graves. The revered sites and notable figures associated with them, including saints, elders, fathers and ancestors, achieved eminence in the eyes of the community through their miracles deeds and exemplary lifestyles. Some of the personalities in the South Kazakhstan region focused on in the study are historical figures, some are religious figures, and some are local folk heroes. The miracles displayed by these individuals, both during their lifetimes and after their deaths, have strengthened people's determination to visit such sites. The votive culture and pilgrimage tradition among Turks have roots in more pre-Islamic times. Figures such as ancestors or fathers in their own historical cultures, and as saints and dervishes in Islamic culture, always have been regarded with love and respect in Islamic society, with efforts made to immortalize their stories and shrines after deaths. In this study, the most frequently visited votive places and sacred places in the Southern Kazakhstan region were examined within the scope of the reasons why people visit these places and rituals they practice at their visits. These rituals, which are prayers to meet individual needs, have been tried to be explained. Keywords: Kazakhstan, votive culture, sacred places, rituals.

Over the past twenty years, an assemblage of approximately 5,400 Roman objects has been recovered from the bed of the River Tees at Piercebridge, County Durham. The objects were discovered during campaigns of amateur archaeological survey by two divers from the Northern Archaeological Group, a local archaeological society. They were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme in 20031 and are currently being processed as potential Treasure under the Treasure Act 1997.

The article discusses votive gifts that are relevant to the contemporary Russian temple environment. The rapid revival and spread of the votive tradition in post–Soviet Russia is one of the most striking phenomena of religious culture in recent decades (along with practices related to the appropriative strategy and the active spread of "Orthodox nomadism", pilgrimage tourism). The variety of gifts and related practices, discussions around that phenomenon, and different options for its moderation by clerics and church workers indicate that the tradition has turned out to be one of the most lively and in demand; it is relevant among different social groups – parishioners, pilgrims, occasional visitors to churches. The author reviews modern offerings, typologizes votive gifts (characteristic and rare, which have spread since the 1990s and have appeared in recent years), analyzes their connection with the icons being gifted. The focus of attention is also on the attitude of clerics and church workers to offerings; on the practice of distributing gifts in the church space (storage, hanging etc.). The analysis is based on interviews collected in 2018–2022s in the churches in dozens of cities in different regions of Russia

L'articolo presenta in modo sintetico le vicende della chiesa votiva di S.Maria della Salute a Venezia e la politica della Repubblica di Venezia in materia di epidemie sanitarie.