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Drawn from presentations at the Hoover Institution's conference on the twentieth anniversary of the Reykjavik summit, this collection of essays examines the legacy of that historic meeting between President Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. The contributors discuss the new nuclear era and what the lessons of Reykjavik can mean for today's nuclear arms control efforts.

Introduction / Scott Hancock -- American slavery in history and memory / Ira Berlin -- The quest for freedom : runaway slaves and the plantation South / John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweniger -- "Tradition informs us" : African Americans' construction of memory in the antebellum North / Scott Hancock -- Black and on the border / Edward L. Ayers, William G. Thomas III, and Anne Sarah Rubin -- A stranger in the club : the Army of the Potomac's Black Division / Noah Andre Trudeau -- "The tocsin of freedom" : the Black leadership of radical reconstruction / Eric Foner

Cover -- Titel -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Hans-Peter Haferkamp, Tilman Repgen: "Wie pandektistisch war die Pandektistik"? - Einleitung -- Franz-Stefan Meissel: Joseph Unger und das Römische Recht - Zu Stil und Methoden der österreichischen "Pandektistik" -- Martin Avenarius: Rechtswissenschaft als "Dogma". Die Ablösung der Dogmatik vom positiven Recht und die Weiterentwicklung des Rechtsdenkens in Russland -- Marju Luts-Sootak: Zu der Universalität der Pandektenwissenschaft - am Beispiel der baltischen Privatrechtswissenschaft nach der Kodifikation von 1864 geprüft -- Riccardo Cardilli: Das römische Recht der Pandektistik und das römische Recht der Römer -- Ulrich Falk: Haftung des Konkursverwalters in der Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts vor 1900: "Höchste Ungerechtigkeit und Willkühr"? -- Nils Jansen: Naturrechtsfäden im Gewebe pandektistischer Theoriebildung: drei Beispiele aus dem Recht der Schuldverhältnisse -- Boudewijn Sirks: War Mühlenbruch ein Pandektist? -- Joachim Rückert: Pandektistische Leistungsstörungen? -- Thomas Rüfner: Pandektistik und Prozessrecht -- Martin Schermaier: "… nicht mit Willkühr ersonnen, sondern seit Jahrhunderten bereitet": Die Auslegung römischer Quellen bei Savigny -- Jan Schröder: Zur Aequitas/Billigkeit in der Rechtstheorie des 19. Jahrhunderts -- Autorenverzeichnis.

German Judaism experienced an extraordinary phase of development and diversification between 1870 and 1933. Berlin became a hub for emigration and immigration, and important trends, such as Reform Judaism, were disseminated from there throughout the world. This volume assembles essays about this phenomenon by prominent authors, among them Atina Grossman, Michael A. Meyer, Shulamit Volkov, and Liliane Weissberg.

6. Global food production & forest dynamics. Energy in global agriculture as the human population peaks / Lowell Wood and Philip Eckhoff -- Qualitative analysis of forest dynamics models using elliptic functions / Mikhail J. Antonovsky -- 7. Water, pollution & terrorism. The terrorist threat to water and technology's role in safeguarding supplies / Dan J. Kroll -- Contamination of water distribution systems / Walter M. Grayman -- Water and CBRNE/Cyber terrorism: waterborne threats and sustainability of cities including unusual secondary and tertiary water contamination lessons from Fukushima / Sally Leivesley -- Striving for global health and water security: achievable or not? / Annette Sobel -- 8. Brain aging & behavior. Brain aging: threats and opportunities / Mary Ganguli -- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD): insights into wisdom and altruism / Bruce L. Miller -- 9. Frontiers in fast computing & informatics. Computing for the large hadrom collider at CERN / Helge Meinhard -- The planetary emergencies: a challenge for change / H. E. Dr. Anna Maria Cancellieri -- 10. Information security. Regulating cyber behavior: some initial reflections on codes of conduct and confidence-building measures / Henning Wegener -- Cyber governance for cyber confidence / Jody R. Westby -- Privacy in internet transactions: economic and security aspects / Udo Helmbrecht -- 11. Messaggio del Presidente, della Repubblica Italiana: le emergenze planetaire e il progetto WFS. The planetary emergencies and the project WFS / H. E. Professor Donato Marra -- 12. WFS general meeting-PMP reports. Climate PMP report, August 2012 / Christopher Essex -- 2012 report from the Permanent Monitoring Panel-Mitigation of Terrorist Acts (PMP-MTA) / Sally Leivesley and Annette Sobel -- Endangered sustainability of a megalopolitan region: the unextincted activity of the Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico / Alberto González Pozo -- Pollution Permanent Monitoring Panel - 2012 annual report / Lorne G. Everett -- Report of the Permanent Monitoring Panel on Energy, 2012 / Carmine Difiglio, Robert Schock and William Barletta -- Mother and Child Health PMP / Nathalie Charpak -- AIDS and Infectious Diseases (AID) PMP 2012 report / Franco M. Buonaguro -- Information Security PMP report: August 23, 2012 / Henning Wegener and Jody R. Westby -- Proposal to set-up a Permanent Monitoring Panel (PMP) on: "Fast Computing and Informatics Frontiers and Ecological Science" / Horst Wenninger -- Closing remarks on the culture of our time and the WFS project / Alfredo Mantovano -- 13. Seminar participants. Seminar participants.

Overcoming chaotic behavior of climate models / S. Fred Singer and Christopher W. Monckton -- CECs in water: challenges and future solutions / Deborah L. Swackhamer -- Fate of contaminants of concern in conventional and advanced water treatment and managed aquifer recharge systems / Jörg E. Drewes -- Agricultural sources of contaminants of emerging concern and adverse health effects on freshwater fish / Donald Tillitt and Herbert T. Buxton -- Epidemiology of chemicals of emerging concern / Joe M. Braun -- Energy efficiency in power generation, industry and buildings: a survey paper / Hisham Khatib -- Energy efficiency and sustainability / Michael Jefferson -- The energy efficiency potential of global transport to 2050 / David L. Greene -- The role of science in the third millennium / Dr. Ignazio La Russa -- Cyber repression: going worse. What can be done? / Henning Wegener -- The role of science and technology as empowerment of person and state / Jody R. Westby -- A secure internet to promote world-class science in developing countries / William Barletta -- Deployment and impact of ICTs in developing countries / Hamadoun Touré -- The chemical time bomb concept revisited in the context of climate change and other recent developments / William M. Stigliani -- Agriculture in a more populous, higher atmospheric [carbon dioxide] world - inviting 10 billion to the banquet in 2050: some ways and means / Lowell Wood and Philip Eckhoff -- Evidence-based medicine and knowledge translation type 2 research / R. Brian Haynes -- AIDS and infectious diseases (AID) PMP 2011 report / Franco M. Buonaguro -- Mother and child health PMP: 2010-2011 activities / Nathalie Charpak, Juan G. Ruiz and Socorro De Leon-Mendoza -- Report of the Climate Permanent Monitoring Panel / Christopher Essex -- Pollution Permanent Monitoring Panel - 2011 annual report / Lorne G. Everett -- Report of the Permanent Monitoring Panel on energy, 2011 / Carmine Difiglio, William Fulkerson and Bruce Stram -- Permanent Monitoring Panel - Mitigation of Terrorist Acts / Sally Leivesley -- Information Security PMP report / Henning Wegener and Jody R. Westby.

1. Opening session. The International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies and associated meetings 38th session / Antonino Zichichi. Combating climate change: land use and biodiversity - Poland's point of view / Jan Szyszko. The role of stratospheric aerosols in antagonizing the global climate change / Yuri A. lzrael. From monitoring of CO[symbol] atmospheric concentrations to monitoring of global climatic change / Mikhail J. Antonovsky. Energy and environment: a challenge for the future / Giuseppe Vatinno. Acceptance of the Gian-Carlo Wick Gold Medal / André Martin. Meteorology and climate: problems and expectations / Antonino Zichichi -- 2. Energy & climate focus: managing climate change - introduction. Climate, energy and planetary emergency / William A. Sprigs and John S. Perry. Managing climate change / Arthur H. Rosenfeld. Plenary session: policy and potential for energy efficient buildings / Arthur H. Rosenfeld. 3. Energy & climate focus: managing climate change - climatology. Climate change: key conclusions from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4) / Filippo Giorgi. Positive and negative feedbacks - how well are they modelled? / Inez Fung. Tipping points or gradual climate change? / Timothy M. Lenton -- 4. Energy & climate focus: managing climate change - mitigation of greenhouse gases. Climate change responses: mitigation - The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report / Peter Bosch. Energy transitions / lgor Bashmakov. Opportunities in the building sector: managing climate change / Arthur H. Rosenfeld and Patrick McAuliffe. Reducing the growth of motor vehicle CO[symbol] emissions through 2050: efficiency, low-emission fuels and advanced technologies / Carmen Difiglio. BIO-EPOCS Project / Andrea Contin. Cool urban surfaces and global warming / Arthur H. Rosenfeld and Hashem Akbari -- 5. Energy & climate focus: managing climate change - filling the gap: geo-engineering and adaptation. Geo-engineering: a possible insurance policy / Michael C. MacCracken. Climate engineering and planetary emergencies / Ken Caldeira. Adaptation: a natural strategy / William Fulkerson and Thomas J. Wilbanks -- 6. Energy & climate focus: managing climate change - summaries and debate. Summary of sessions 2 to 5 and comments / Richard Garwin -- 7. Missile proliferation and defense focus: U.S. missile defense shield. The 2007 Bush-Putin disagreement - some background on anti ballistic missile defense / Richard Wilson. Ballistic missile defense deployment to Poland and the Czech Republic / Richard L. Ganvin -- 8. Climate focus: theoretical alternatives to climate modeling. Theoretical alternatives to climate modeling: introductory remarks. Model limitations / Graeme L. Stephens. Scientific questions behind the arguments concerning the robustness of climate models / Garth W. Paltridge. A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts / Anastasios A. Tsonis -- 9. Global monitoring of the planet focus: the North Pole and life cycle nuclear energy environmental issues. Opening remarks / Arthur Nikolayevich Chilingarov. Understanding energy production environmental externalities a literature review from an engineering perspective / Frank L. Parker. Nuclear energy and radioactive waste disposal in the age of recycling / James L. Conca -- 10. Brain diseases focus: the crisis of losing minds the epidemic of Alzheimer's disease in the 21st century. How the brain changes in Alzheimer's disease / Bemardino Ghetti. Treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease: translating basic research findings / Steven T. DeKosky. Biological evidence for an interaction between AD and CVD: overview and 3 hypotheses / Charles DeCarli. The role of epidemiology in understanding Alzheimer's disease: the meaning of "risk" / Mary Ganguli. Alzheimer's disease: genetics to pathogenesis / John Hardy -- 11. Medicine and infectious diseases focus: infectious agents and cancer. Introductory remarks / Guy De Thé. Introducing infectious agents and cancer session / Franco M. Buonaguro. Epidemiological aspects: worldwide burden size / Robert Newton. Infectious agents and cancer: pathogenesis / John L. Ziegler. Molecular links between inflammation and cancer / Massimo Locati. Cancer vaccines / Marc Girard. Developing countries intervention programs / Jacques-Francois Martin -- 12. WFS general meeting PMP reports - debate and conclusion. Permanent monitoring panel report on information security / Henning Wegener. Permanent monitoring panel on pollution / Lome Everett. Permanent monitoring panel on limits of development / Geraldo G. Serra. AIDS and infectious diseases PMP / Guy De Thé. Recommendation to governments from the permanent monitoring panel on energy / Arthur H. Rosenfeld. Permanent monitoring panel on climate and greenhouse gases / William A. Sprigg. Mother and child permanent monitoring panel 2006-2007 activities / Nathalie Charpak. Permanent monitoring panel on terrorism / Ahmad Kamal -- 13. Brain and behavior workshop. Workshop agenda. Workshop participants -- 14. Energy-climate workshop. Recommendations. Workshop participants -- 15. Infectious diseases workshop. Workshop agenda. Workshop participants -- 16. Climate modeling workshop. Report on the workshop theoretical alternatives to climate modelling. Workshop paricipants -- 17. Information security workshop. Cyberwar or cyber-terrorism: the attack on Estonia / William A. Barletta. The situation of IT-security - a German perspective / Udo Helmbrecht. Security challenges arising from innovations in information and communication technologies (ICT) / Vladimir Britkov and Axel Lehmann. Workshop participants -- 18. Limits of development workshop. Workshop agenda. Limitations of development: climate change and the impact of rising sea levels on cities in the United States / Jesse D. Saginor and Christopher D. Ellis. Dealing with climate change: the Brazilian case / Geraldo G. Serra. Climate change - consequences for Europe / Hiltmar Schubert. Regional impacts of climate change and variability on West and Central African region / Mbareck Diop. Impact of global climate change over the territory of Argentina / Juan M. Borthagaray. Workshop participants -- 19. Seminar participants.

1. Opening session. The 32nd Session of the International Seminars and International Collaboration / Antonino Zichichi. Science and national intelligence / Richard L. Garwin. Statement on migration / Rolf K. Jenny -- 2. Limits of development : migration. Migration and cyberspace / Ahmad Kamal. Migration in Europe / Hiltmar Schubert. Migration and development : a synoptic European overview / Nigel Harris. Migration from and within Asia / K. C. Sivamarakrishnan. Migration and globalization / Geraldo G. Serra -- 3. Climatology : global warming. From curiosity to concern : a chronology of the quest to understand global climate / John S. Perry. Simple climate models / Tom M. L. Wigley. Old physics for new climate models - maybe / Garth W. Paltridge. Energy and electricity considerations - global warming perspectives / Hisham Khatib -- 4. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy : prions. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and blood transfusion / Robert G. Will. BSE in North America / Maura N. Ricketts. Role of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene in the phenotypic expression of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease associated with the F198S mutation / Bernardino Ghetti. Update on the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies / Herbert Budka -- 5. The cultural emergency : information and communications - environment. Innovations in information and communications technologies : benefits and threats / Axel Lehmann -- 6. Cosmic objects. Recent perspectives on the hazard of an asteroid impact / Clark R. Chapman. Recent close approaches of asteroids to the earth / Donald K. Yeomans. Asteroid deflection : hopes and fears / Russell L. Schweickart. The near-earth object impact hazard : space mission priorities for risk assessment and reduction / Alan W. Harris. Hayabusa and its follow-up plans by JAXA / Hajime Yano -- 7. AIDS and infectious diseases : ethics in medicine. Limiting access to dangerous pathogens - the need for international cooperation / Diego Buriot. The U.S. select agent rule and an international opportunity to develop laboratory biosecurity guidelines / Reynolds M. Salerno. New Georgian legislation on biosafety / Lela Bakanidze. International biosecurity norms and the role for international organizations / Bradford Kay. Legal measures to prevent bio-crimes / Barry Kellman -- 8. Water and pollution. Overview of the hydrological cycle and its connection to climate : droughts and floods / Soroosh Sorooshian. What is the real value of water? Reaching beyond the global dilemma of cost and price / Ronald B. Linsky. Agrarian transformation and shifts in water requirements in rural Iran : a case study / Amir I. Ajami. Sustainable water resource management and the role of isotope techniques / Pradeep Aggarwal. Scientific challenges for ensuring clean and reliable water for the 21st century / Andrew F. B. Tompson -- 9. Permanent monitoring panel meetings and reports. AIDS and infectious diseases permanent monitoring panel / Guy de Thé. Implications of climate variability and change : a policy maker's summary / William A. Sprigg. Panel report / Walter E. Huebner. Panel report / Bruce Stram. Bangladesh rural electrification program : a success story of poverty reduction through electricity / Abul Barket. Sustainable nuclear energy - some reasons for optimism / Richard Wilson. Chairman's report / Henning Wegener. Information revolution in the military field and the establishment of an international legal regime for information security / Vitaly N. Tsygichko. Panel report / Hiltmar Schubert. West African point of view on migration / Mbareck Diop. Impacts of migration on megacities in the United States / Christopher D. Ellis. Inter-regional migration in China in the post-Deng economic era 1990-2000 / Stephen S. Y. Lau. Migration in Mexico : slower trends to megacities ; higher flow to the U.S. / Alberto González-Pozo. Panel report / Nathalie Charpak. Using the KMC programme's database in developed countries : an illusion? / Christiane Huraux. Quality of health care assurance : the kangaroo mother care program experience / Juan G. Ruiz. Panel report / Lorne Everett, Richard C. Ragaini. Panel report / Terence Taylor -- 10. Global biosecurity workshop. The bio-science dilemma - precious opportunities and dire threats / Barry Kellman. Biological safety and security - advances in the life sciences - reaping the rewards and managing the risks / Terence Taylor -- 11. Cosmic objects workshop. Detection of transient phenomena on planetary bodies / Mario Di Martino. Proposed ground-based experiments for asteroid seismology / Raymond Goldstein -- 12. Seminar participants.

1. Opening session. Terrorism as a cultural problem / Antonino Zichichi -- 2. Motivations. State-sponsored terrorism / Ahmad Kamal. America's "New Exceptionalism" and the war on global terrorism / Donald W. Hanson. War avoided and war enacted: a narrative of violence and some lessons to be drawn from Argentine territorial disputes 1978-1982 / Lillian Alurralde. 1945-1993: the ability of mankind to destroy itself / Richard Wilson. Asymmetric challenges of the 21st century - causes and effects / Wolfgang Müller-Seedorf. War against terrorism / Farhang Mehr. Militant Islamist Groups (MIGs): their motives and mindsets / Ibrahim Karawan. The individual and the crowd: destructiveness, self-destructiveness, and terror / Gretty M. Mirdal -- Some thoughts on cultural relativism / Alain Peyraube -- Socio-economic causes and consequences of terrorism / Juan Diez-Nicolás. The war with Iraq and its connections to the war on terrorism: the problems of American foreign policy/ Kamran Talattof. American imperialism motivating terror / William Fulkerson -- 3. Worldwide stability. Worldwide stability / Terence Taylor. The "Living with Risk" project / Jean Savy. Shifting the paradigm of risk analysis / William E. Kastenberg. Do the TTBT and JVE provide a framework for "Effective" verification: is uncertainty a technical assessment or a political decision? / Eileen S. Vergino. Understanding biological risk: safeguarding science and enhancing security / Michael Moodie -- 4. Tools and countermeasures. Tools and countermeasures / R.A. Mason. Dealing with the chemical threat / Ron G. Manley. New threats from bioterrorism: real or perceived? / Charles R. Penn. Nuclear survival criticalities / Sally Leivesley. Selected strategies, tactics, and techniques of frontline US emergency responders for contending with chemical and biological disasters / Amy E. Smithson. Science v. secrecy / Jody R. Westby -- 5. Permanent monitoring panel reports. Permanent monitoring panel report - risk analysis / Terence Taylor -- 6. Motivations working group report. Report of the motivations working group / Ahmad Kamal. The truth is the goal of the whole universe / M. Sánchez-Sorondo. What is terrorism? Can we win and how? / François Waelbroek -- 7. Tools and countermeasures working group report / . Report of the tools and countermeasures working group / R.A. Mason. High-tech terrorism: a growing threat to democracy and civilization / Karl K.Rebane -- 8. Worldwide stability working group report. Report of the worldwide stability working group / Terence Taylor.

11. Pollution in the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea observation and forecasting system project plan / Ilkay Salihoglu -- Caspian environmental programme (CEP): achievements and challenges / Hamid Ghaffarzadeh -- A review of Caspian Sea environment, climate variability and air-sea interaction / Emin Özsoy -- Pollution impact to sturgeon from Ural Delta, Kazakhstan / Igor V. Mitrofanov -- Mathematical modeling of oil pollution in the northern Caspian Sea / Anatoly Vasiliev -- The conditions of the hazardous management system in Azerbaijan / Rashid Ajalov -- 12. Permanent monitoring panel reports. Combined meeting of the Permanent Monitoring Panels on water and defence against floods and unexpected meteorological events / Soroosh Sorooshian, Robert A. Clark -- Mother to child transmission of HIV - antiretroviral therapy and therapeutic vaccine: a scientific and community challenge / Guy De Thé ... [et. al.] -- Summary of the Workshop on geophysical and geological properties of NEOS: "know your enemy" / J.M. Greenberg, W.F. Huebner -- PMP report: missile proliferation and defense / Andrei Piontovsky -- World Federation of Scientists Permanent Monitoring Panel report on information security / Henning Wegener -- World Federation of Scientists Permanent Monitoring Panel on pollution - 2001 report / Richard C. Ragaini -- Extending activities of the World Federation of Scientists in Ukraine / Valery P. Kukhar, Gennady I. Palshin -- Permanent Monitoring Panel report: limits of development and sustainability / Hiltmar Schubert -- World Federation of Scientists Permanent Monitoring Panel, climate, ozone & greenhouse effect / William Sprigg -- 13. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy workshop. Structural variations of abnormal prion protein in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease / Pedro Piccardo ... [et al.] -- Update on BSE and variant CJD / Robert G. Will -- 14. Aids and infectious diseases workshop. Preventive HIV vaccines, present status / Gunnel Biberfeld -- Therapeutic HIV vaccines / Alf A. Lindberg -- Communication strategy for the introduction of anti retroviral therapy: a concept paper / Sheilah Tlou -- 15. Pollution workshop. Environmental pollution in the Caspian Sea: workshop summary, conclusions and recommendations / Richard Ragaini, Ilkay Salihoglu -- The Caspian environmental programme / Hamid Ghaffarzadeh -- Oil and gas pollution of the Caspian ecosystem in Kazakhstan / Ludmila Shabanova -- Air-sea interaction in the Caspian / Emin Özsoy -- Pollution impact to fish from north Caspian Sea / Yelena N. Zhimbey, Igor V. Mitrofanov -- Socio-economic conditions and environment in the Caspian / Rashid Ajalov -- Monitoring of marine pollution in the northern Caspian Sea / Alexander Korshenko -- Modeling of the oil pollution in the northern Caspian / Anatoly Vasiliev.

"In Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society, Jessica H. Clark and Brian Turner lead a re-examination of how Near Eastern, Greek, and Roman societies addressed - or failed to address - their military defeats and casualties of war. Original case studies illuminate not only how political and military leaders managed the political and strategic consequences of military defeats, but also the challenges facing defeated soldiers, citizens, and other classes, who were left to negotiate the meaning of defeat for themselves and their societies. By focusing on the connections between war and society, history and memory, the chapters collected in this volume contribute to our understanding of the ubiquity and significance of war losses in the ancient world. Contributors are: Craig Caldwell, Jessica H. Clark, Sviatoslav Dmitriev, Edith Foster, Max Goldman, John Hyland, Paul Johstono, Sarah Melville, Ida Östenberg, Amy Richlin, Nathan Rosenstein, Jeffrey Rop, Matthew Trundle, Brian Turner, Graeme A. Ward."--Provided by publisher

America's polarized politics are largely disconnected from mainstream public preferences. This disconnect poses fundamental dangers for the representativeness and accountability of government, as well as the already withering public trust in it. As the 2008 presidential race kicks into gear, the political climate certainly will not become less polarized. With important issues to address-including immigration policy, health care, and the funding of the Iraq war-it is critical that essential policies not be hostage to partisan political battles. Building upon the findings of the first volume of R