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AbstractCharity donation is an important prosocial behaviour that is often generated/strengthened by emotional stimuli from advertising. A similar strategy is often used to trigger the purchase of cause‐related products. The two activities represent direct and indirect methods of financial support and are important topics for researchers and practitioners. Charity donation and purchase of cause‐related products are typically investigated on the basis of different theoretical backgrounds; therefore, they are almost never directly compared with each other. However, the two share some similarities from the perspectives of the donor/buyer and the donation recipient. This article aims to analyse how direct and indirect donation behaviours are influenced by the same emotional stimulus (existential guilt generated by a visual advertisement). In parallel, this article examines the possible moderation effect of similar past behaviours. The study is performed by surveying 374 respondents in Lithuania. Results confirmed that the same emotion (existential guilt) had a direct positive impact on the intention towards both studied behaviours. However, the moderation effect of experience was observed only in the relationship between existential guilt and the intention to donate to charity, signalling the difference in its influence on the two behaviours. These findings enrich the knowledge of the similarities and differences between direct (donating to charity) and indirect (purchasing cause‐related products) donation behaviours. Additionally, it fills in the knowledge gap regarding the relation between the intentions of prosocial behaviours and existential guilt as an advertising appeal.

THE IDEA OF GUILT WHICH EMERGES QUITE EARLY IN PRE-POLITICAL SOCIETY, SEEHS TO REST LESS ON POLLUTION AND SIN, AND MORE ON THE ELEMENTAL NOTION OF EXCHANGE. FROM THE TRADESMAN AND PRIEST ALIKE POLITICAL SOCIETY HAS LEARNED TO USE GUILT-WORDS WHICH HAVE AN ECONOMIC CONTENT, IF IT IS TRUE OUR RESPONSES AND PERCEPTIONS ARE CONDITIONED BY LANGUAGE, THEN SCRUTINY OF OUR TERMS IS ESSENTIAL.

A review essay on books by (1) W. G. Sebald, On the Natural History of Destruction (Bell, Anthea [Tr], New York: Random House, 2003); (2) Norbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration (Golb, Joel [Tr], New York: Columbia U Press, 2002); & (3) George P. Fletcher, Romantics at War: Glory and Guilt in the Age of Terrorism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press, 2002).

This paper is an attempt to reveal the political situation of Myanmar during the reign of King Mindon. He ascended the throne only after the kingdom faced with two aggressive wars launched by the British imperialists. Because of those wars, the kingdom suffered deteriorations in terms of political, economic and social aspects. As a result of those wars, some parts of Myanmar territory also fell in the hands of the British imperialists. In this context, King Mindon had to endeavour to achieve the political stability and economic development in his kingdom. At first, he conducted administrative reforms with the aim of restoring internal stability and followed flexible policies in external relations with the aim of avoiding conflicts with the British in the future as well. He sent envoys to foreign countries with the aim of widening the horizons of his court officials. He also sent Myanmar youths to foreign countries to study modern sciences and technologies in order to establish factories which were installed with modern machines. Thus he tried to transform his kingdom into an industrialized nation. While standing side by side the British occupied Lower Myanmar, he did not fail to utilize the diplomatic means in dealing with other countries in order to gain international recognition to his kingdom as a sovereign nation. Because of his far sighted outlooks and wisdom, King Mindon could transform his kingdom into a semi modernized nation to some extent. Though he could not endeavour to regain the already lost territories, King Mindon was able to maintain the sovereignty of the rest part of the kingdom steadfastly. This paper tries to expose the political situations of Late Konbaung period during the reign of King Mindon. Dr. War War Tun "Political Situations under King Mindon (1853 - 1878)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28061.pdf