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Recent years have been characterized by a further drop in real incomes of Russians and the spread of pessimism among them regarding their material situation (after a short-term growth of optimistic expectations during the presidential campaign). The current situation in Russia in this area can be described as "negative stabilization", because, although the decrease in the population's incomes has stopped, they have stabilized at a lower level than prior to the crisis of 2014–2016. Groups which differ in the dynamics of their material situation starting from 2014 also differ in the specifics of their composition and positions in the system of monetary and especially non-monetary inequalities. The higher an individual's place in the social hierarchy of life chances, the higher the likelihood of him being in an upward mobility group and the lower the chances of winding up in a group with downward mobility, and vice versa. For the evolution prospects of Russian society's stratification model this means an increasing polarization of the mass strata of the population. However, so far these processes proceed at a moderate pace and affect the "top" rather than the "bottom" of these strata. The most significant factors determining Russians' assessments of the dynamics of their material situation are their health, type of locus-control and planning horizon — personal characteristics that affect the ability of developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies. The high importance of personal factors for the dynamics of one's material situation indicates the crisis nature of modern Russian society, since for crisis societies personal qualities of an individual are more important for the vector of his mobility than structural factors or human and social capital.

This article examines issues associated with the development of the current Russian state, and their study within the scope of philosophical and sociological knowledge. With that in mind, the author refers to a collective monograph called "The emergence of welfare state and its prospects in Russia. Reality and future", which focuses on analyzing the contradictory condition of the constitutional principle of welfare state in Russia.

The article shows that the book in question, first of all, gives a substantiated interpretation of this contradiction based on scientific analysis of political and socio-economic realities; second of all, it describes and proposes ways of overcoming it. The contradiction between the constitutional principle of welfare state and the economic and socio-cultural modes which constitute the life of Russian society is interpreted in the aforementioned monograph based on a sociological study, the data from which points towards an ever deepening socio-economic divide within Russian society, with people being separated by increasing social distance, and consequently leading to the insuffi cient implementation of the government's responsibility for protection.

The researchers draw attention to the problem of socio-economic inequality being unwarrantedly presented as merely the result of the population being divided into the poor and the super-rich; that material differentiation in terms of income and wealth generates overall differentiation in any given society. With that in mind the authors address the issue of the population being segregated in terms of quality of life, while examining it in correlation with level of human capital and society's innovational development. In the study, solving this task in Russia is associated with activating the welfare state's humanistic function, and with its evolution towards becoming a potent welfare state that creates the opportunity for leading a decent life and uninhibited personal development for all of its citizens.

In the conditions of market relations, a large place is given to the problem of institutional changes - as one of the main factors of economic growth and welfare. This article discusses the fundamental issues of institutional change, outlines the factors, conditions, prerequisites and circumstances of institutional changes in Uzbekistan.

The article reflects the main aspects that should be taken into account in developing and changing the regulation of intellectual property sphere. Being harmful in some aspects, piracy also has a number of properties that can be useful for copyright owners: information, network and indirect effects. The paper presents a mathematical model showing the case where the protection of intellection activity result can cause more damage to public welfare than piracy itself. The findings show a need for tools more flexible than the intellectual property system so that every copyright owner can choose the required level of protection.

Проведен политологический анализ концепции всеобщего благосостояния в связи с целями и задачами государства. Раскрыто содержание благосостояния и роль государства в защите экономического и социального благополучия. Подчеркивается, что право на благополучие и достойную жизнь не имеет однозначной трактовки, и в разных политических доктринах это право приобретает разное звучание. Приведены примеры обеспечения благосостояния людей в рамках социал-демократической, либеральной и социально-ориентированной направленности деятельности государства.

The article analyses the research interpretations, both religious and secular, of the provisions of Martin Luther's doctrine of "two kingdoms", as well as his views on the sinfulness of human nature, the universal priesthood, etc., which influenced the formation and development of the Scandinavian model of the welfare state (mainly using the example of Denmark). The article raises the following questions: How these theologicalideasandprinciplesareembodiedintraditions,values,behaviouralstrategies, social trends, formal and informal rules and norms that has led to the emergence of the welfare state? What is common in the institutional design of the welfare state with the Evangelical Lutheran preaching, which for centuries has proclaimed the individual and collective responsibility for the care about others? How the impact of these ideas on social attitudes and beliefs of people may be analysed? The article draws on the results of recent research on this issue that arose within the framework of the "cultural turn" in the humanities and social sciences, which has gradually led to a change in the emphasis in research logic and brought almost to the fore the historical, cultural and religious characteristics of the Scandinavian countries. The article analyses in detail Martin Luther's doctrine of "two kingdoms" and its contemporary interpretations, including their influence on the ideology of Scandinavian social democracy. The conclusion is made that the Scandinavian model of the welfare state is the result of a unique combination of Lutheran piety, the activities of social democratic parties, historical circumstances that has led to the formation of rather homogeneous ethnoconfessional national states, as well as the activities of many people who desired and were able to create decent living conditions for themselves. This topic requires further research, taking into account the socio-cultural context of a particular country. © 2021 St. Tikhon's University. All rights reserved.

System, sphere and structural preconditions of the development of the welfare state in the context of post-Soviet modernization of Russia are considered. Periodization of the process of the development of welfare state in modern Russia is covered and peculiarities of its main stages are considered. ; Рассматриваются системные, сферальные и структурные предпосылки становления социального государства в условиях постсоветской модернизации России. Освещается периодизация процесса становления социального государства в современной России и выделяются особенности основных ее этапов.

Demonstrated is the structural and functional interrelation between sanitary protection of the territories, epidemiological monitoring, and the state sanitary-epidemiological surveillance. Sanitary protection of the territories (SPT) of the Russian Federation is a separate focus area authorizing sanitary prophylactic (anti-epidemic) activities, with a self-sustained sub-goal. It combines individual roles appertained to epidemiological monitoring and to federal sanitary-epidemiological surveillance, only in reference to a particular item - emergency situation in the sphere of sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Specificity of the SPT is a balance between functionality and capacity of the monitoring, surveillance and control. Legislative and regulatory legal acts, which concern sanitary protection of the territory, provide the means for defining its basic organizational principles: country-wide activities, self-sufficiency and self-support of the Rospotrebnadzor, three-level hierarchical system, and information exchange. ; Показана взаимосвязь в структурном и функциональном отношениях санитарной охраны территории с эпидемиологическим надзором и государственным санитарно-эпидемиологическим надзором. Интегрируя в себе отдельные функции эпидемиологического надзора и федерального государственного санитарно-эпидемиологического надзора, но только в отношении определенного объекта - чрезвычайной ситуации в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения, санитарная охрана территории Российской Федерации является отдельным направлением проведения санитарно-профилактических (противоэпидемических) мероприятий, имеющим самостоятельную подцель. Специфика санитарной охраны территории - сочетание функций и возможностей мониторинга, надзора и контроля. Положения законодательных и нормативных документов, касающихся санитарной охраны территории, позволяют очертить ее основные организационные принципы: государственный характер мероприятий, независимость Роспотребнадзора в организационном, функциональном и материальном отношениях, трехуровневая иерархическая система, информационное взаимодействие.

The authors analyze informal payments in Russian education and health care. According to sociological research, social actors (doctors, educators as well as patients and parents) who exchange informal payments consider them normal and morally acceptable. The government is unable to regulate this process, therefore, informal payments are reproduced in everyday practices of Russians.Key words: informal payments, health care, education, morality, law. ; В статье на основе результатов социологических исследований анализируются основные факторы распространения неформальных платежей в образовании и медицинском обслуживании в России. Показано, что значительная часть врачей, педагогов, с одной стороны, и пациентов, родителей, с другой стороны, воспринимают неформальную оплату части образовательных и медицинских услуг как морально оправданную. Государство пока не может регулировать данный процесс, поэтому неформальные платежи уже не одно десятилетие воспроизводятся в повседневных практиках россиян. Ключевые слова: неформальные платежи, медицинское обслуживание, образование, мораль, право.

This paper considers the extent of implementing provisions specified in the Order of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated 07.10.2013 N 530n concerning layout of the anti-corruption section on the official websites of the Federal Supervision Agency for Customer Protection and Human Welfare and its regional offices.

The article analyzes the shortcomings of the conceptual apparatus characteristic of the right for social security in designating the types of social security provided in monetary form. In particular, there is a lack of necessary definitions (including key concepts such as "benefits" and "compensation"); lack of uniformity of terms (foregoing, the term "compensation" in some sources is used in the sense of "reimbursement of costs incurred by a person", traditional for the science of labor law, and in others a "civilized" approach to compensation as payments aimed at restoring the property sphere in case of encroachments on intangible goods is applied); "doubling" of concepts (for example, the appearance of "insurance payments" along with insurance "benefits"). Based on the analysis of the current legislation, it is concluded that there is no consistent distinction between the concepts of "benefits", "compensation", and other monetary payments. Nevertheless, a retrospective analysis of the sources of social security law, as well as ideas and approaches formed in science (not without the influence of the science of labor law), allows us to define certain types of social security payments. Unfortunately, they are not always reflected in the legislation on social security, as a result of which the scientific ideas themselves are undergoing changes, in particular, the criteria determining the essence of various social security payments are being enough. It seems that the directions for improving the system of sources of social security law should be the rejection of excessive terminological diversity in determining the types of social security, as well as the orientation to the approaches developed in science to their definition.Thus, it is proposed to use the category of benefits as a universal concept, referring to it social security payments in cash, which do not have specific features of other social security payments. ; В статье анализируются недостатки понятийного аппарата, характерные для права социального обеспечения при обозначении видов социального обеспечения, предоставляемых в денежной форме. В частности, отмечается отсутствие необходимых определений (в том числе таких ключевых понятий, как «пособие» и «компенсация»); отсутствие единообразия терминов (так, термин «компенсация» в одних источниках употребляется в значении «возмещение понесенных лицом затрат», традиционном для науки трудового права, а в других применяется «цивилистический» подход к компенсациям как выплатам, направленным на восстановление имущественной сферы при посягательствах на нематериальные блага); «удвоение» понятий (например, появление наряду со страховыми «пособиями» «страховых выплат»). На основе анализа действующего законодательства делается вывод, что последовательного разграничения понятий «пособия», «компенсации», иные денежные выплаты в нем не проводится. Тем не менее, ретроспективный анализ источников права социального обеспечения, а также идей и подходов, сформированных в науке (не без влияния науки трудового права), позволяет дать определения отдельных видов социально-обеспечительных выплат. К сожалению, они не всегда находят отражение в законодательстве о социальном обеспечении, вследствие чего и сами научные представления претерпевают изменения, в частности, размываются критерии, определяющие сущность различных социально-обеспечительных выплат. Представляется, что направлениями совершенствования системы источников права социального обеспечения должны стать отказ от чрезмерного терминологического разнообразия при определении видов социального обеспечения, а также ориентация на выработанные в науке подходы к их определению. С этой целью в качестве универсального понятия предлагается использовать категорию пособия, отнеся к ним социально-обеспечительные выплаты в денежной форме, не имеющие специфических признаков других социально-обеспечительных выплат.

The article deals with the contradictions of socially oriented activities of NGOs as service provides in two Russian regions (St. Petersburg and Sverdlovsk oblast). In the mixed system of social welfare, the importance of the non-profit sector is increasing, but the processes taking place due to the diverse regional practices are ambiguous. We focus on the issues of interaction of the non-profit sector with the state, reasons for strengthening the commercial interests of NGOs, interaction with regional authorities and the risks of the social service system at the regional level. The theoretical framework of the study is the transformation of welfare state into welfare-service state. The study used empirical data obtained by street and telephone surveys of population, interviews with representatives of NGOs, state service institutions and regional government. The analysis demonstrates that the key constraining factors for the development of NGOs as service providers are administrative barriers to access state fonds, inappropriate ways of government's interaction with private services providers in a changing environment, the continued lack of confidence to NGO' activities among the majority of the population. NGOs are limitedly represented in the social service provider registries for a number of reasons: high bureaucratic requirements; difficultly implemented requirements for reporting for cost recovery; strong control on NGO's activities by the authorities; untimely informing concerning grant competitions; non-transparency of competitive procedures. The formal approach of authorities indicates that the institutional advantages of NGOs, their ability to social innovations are not considered. Overcoming the barriers for NGOs as social service providers should be also considered as a resource for increasing the public trust in private sector. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved.

В статье на основе анализа материалов социологических исследований (1994–2016 гг.) рассматриваются актуальные вопросы корреляции социально-экономического самочувствия населения Хакасии и их оценок характера межэтнического взаимодействия в республике.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образует консенсусный подход к интерпретации содержания социокультурных феноменов, компаративистский метод анализа данных, метод формализованного интервьюирования жителей Хакасии (520 чел.).Результаты. Автор констатирует, что порядка 40% респондентов межнациональные отношения оценивают как стабильно напряженные. Пиковые значения негативных оценок межнациональных отношений приходятся на периоды экономической дестабилизации, а усиление межнациональной напряженности возникает как реакция на снижение уровня материального обеспечения жителей региона.Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере образования, социально-политического прогнозирования. ; Abstract. This article is based on sociological researches 1994–2016. It describes the following issues: first, interethnic relations in post-Soviet Khakassia inhabitants' points of view and their characteristics; second, correlation between interethnic situation evaluation and the success in adaptation to social and economic situation. It is noticed that post-Soviet social and economic transformations influenced interethnic relations in Khakassia.Methods or methodology of work conduct. The base of research is the consensus approach to socio-cultural phenomenon, comparative analysis and interview of people (Republic of Khakassia – 520 people).The results. The results are in the fact: about 40% of respondents consider interethnic relations to be intense. The most negative evaluations of interethnic cooperations are traditionally due to crises and economical disasters.The research results can be used in education, social and political prediction.