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The article deals with the emergence and development of the military press of the ZUNR (Western-Ukrainian People's Republic), the main subjects that it brings up, its role in the development of the ZUNR as a state and the Ukrainian Galician Army are clarified. These are, in particular, publications such as «The Bulletin of the State Secretariat of Military Affairs», «Strilets / Rifleman», «Striletskyi Shliakh / Rifleman's Way», «Poleva Hazeta / Field Newspaper», «Respublikanskyi Samokhotnyk / Republican Samokhotnyk, «Kozatskyi Holos / Kozak's Voice». The article also draws attention to the fact that the well-known figures and journalists participated in the military press – D. Vitovskyi, R. Zaklynskyi, Ye. Zyblikevych, I. Krevetskyi, D. Krenzhalovskyi, O. Nazaruk, V. Pachovskyi. The author argues that the military press of the ZUNR was not only an important segment of the ZUNR press, but also a mouthpiece of the Ukrainian integral state idea; it occupies a prominent place in the history of the Ukrainian press.The main topics of the military press of the Western-Ukranian People's Republic in the context of the state-building and the liberation struggle of 1918‒1920 are analyzed. It is found out that the idea of Ukrainian statehood, the idea of struggle for Ukrainian statehood, the idea of unity were the main topics which have been raised by this press. The article reveals that the military press of Western-Ukranian People's Republic paid attention to social problems, including land reform, as well as to the international context of the Ukrainian issue.Key words: West Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian military press, idea of Ukrainian statehood. ; У статті розглянуто виникнення і розвиток військової преси ЗУНР, з'ясовано основні теми, які вона порушувала, її роль у розбудові ЗУНР як держави і Української Галицької Армії. Йдеться, зокрема, про такі видання як «Вістник Державного секретаріату військових справ», «Стрілець», «Стрілецький шлях», «Полева газета», «Республіканський самохотник», «Козацький голос». У статті звернуто увагу і на те, що у військовій пресі брали участь відомі діячі і публіцисти – Д. Вітовський, Р. Заклинський, Є. Зиблікевич, І. Кревецький, Д. Кренжаловський, О. Назарук, В. Пачовський. Автор доводить, що військова преса ЗУНР була не лише важливим сегментом преси ЗУНР, але й рупором української державницької соборницької ідеї, їй належить вагоме місце в історії української преси.Ключові слова: Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка, українська військова преса, ідея української державності.

Показано історію формування та завершення чеських урядів від 1992 до 2012 рр. Надано класифікацію чеських кабінетів і визначено переважаючий тип кабінетів. Вивчено розподіл найважливіших посад всередині урядів. Визначено основні чинники, які суттєво вплинули на стабільність урядів Чехії та індекс урядової стабільності. ; Показана история формирования и завершения чешских правительств от 1992 до 2012 гг.Проведеная классификация чешских кабинетов и определенно преобладающий тип кабинетов.Изучено распределение важнейших должностей внутри правительств. Определены основные факторы, которые существенно повлияли на стабильность правительств Чехии и измерен индекс правительственной стабильности ; Main tasks of the article are: 1.to show history of formation and termination governments since 1992 till 2012. 2. to make classification of Czech governments and define the prevailing type of cabinets. 3. to research main Portfolio allocation inside governments. 4. To define main factors of government stability. 5. to evaluate index of government stability.Peculiarity of Czech Constitution is the possibility to form cabinet without majority of deputies.There were two main factors of government instability in Czech Republic: Temporary decrease in the coalition potential of some otherwise ideologically moderate parties due the personal unwillingness of party leadership to make any political concessions. Also the negative factor for government stability is the existence of a radical party with minimal coalition potential – the Communist party of Bohemia and Moravia.In Czech Republic were mainly minimal winning coalitions based on cooperation of ideologically distant political parties or minority cabinets. However ideological part of motivation to form coalitions was not excluded, generally pragmatic coalitions prevail in Czech Republic. Concerning question of Portfolio distribution, party, that is the main force in coalition as usually possess the office of Primeminister and distribute Ministries with high status to other partners of coalition. A specific case of an election stalemate, the equal numbers of mandates for the left and the right wings of political spectrum.This factor is connected with the 2006 elections, when it was hard to form government and only absence of few deputies of opposition rescued the situation.In the consequences of crises inside government coalition were formed two technical governments under the rule of J. Tosovsky in 1998 and J. Fisher in 2009. Index of government stability is higher for the first cabinet of V. Claus and cabinet of M. Zeman.

The activity of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to protect the Ukrainians' national rights in Soviet Union is analyzed. It was the time of the Cold War, when the great divide between the Soviet Union and the Canada contained a many points. In particular, as Prime Minister, he called Soviet Government to protect human rights, stop arrest of dissidents, and to allow free elections. The violation of constitutional rights guaranteed in the Ukrainian SSR, prosecution of dissidents, the implementation of people's right to self-determination, the openings of the Canadian Consulate in Kyiv were main issues that Canadian politician raised in public discourse in Canada.Diefenbaker was certainly more outspoken than his predecessors and used anti-communist rhetoric. He enjoyed speaking to audiences of Canadian Ukrainians, always stressing his sympathy with their aims. Diefenbaker named Canada's first Ukrainian-Canadian Cabinet Minister Politician (Michael Starr) and appointed the second senator of Ukrainian descent (Ivan Hnatyshyn). He often quoted passages from the poems Taras Shevchenko, interested in Ukrainian history, and believed in the establishment of Ukrainian nationhood.Separately traced J. Diefenbaker' activities and initiatives in the international arena. The most famous speech made by John Diefenbaker on the problem of relations with the Soviet Union was his call in the United Nations for the Russians to explain why they continue to maintain several millions of Eastern Europeans in a state of colonial servitude to the Russian imperial system. Diefenbaker's speech on September 26, 1960 was a direct challenge to the Soviet leader Mykyta Khrushchev, who was personally leading the Soviet delegation to the Assembly of the United Nations. The speech had world reaction and was a sensation among the most delegations. Its impact was immediate upon Canadians of Eastern European descent whose homelands are within the communist totalitarian system. Diefenbaker's rhetoric caught the public mood among Canadian Ukrainians. It was a challenge voiced by a new hero, in the eyes of those people who came from the forgotten nations in Eastern Europe. Instead, the Soviet press attacked Diefenbaker's statements as "slanderous".After retiring from the post of Prime Minister, Diefenbaker led the International Committee for Human Rights. He was meeting with the world's politicians and raised the issue with respect to violations of constitutional rights of Ukrainians within Soviet Union. As leader of the conservative opposition in parliament, he repeatedly raised the issue of opening the Consulate of Canada in Kyiv. In 1969 he visited the capital of the Ukrainian SSR and in conversation with it officials sought the opening of the Consulate of Canada in the Ukrainian capital. Diefenbaker was one of the few world leaders who tried to implement the Ukrainian issue to the world agenda and stressed that "the West must speak out". Prime Minister of Canada was the most prominent spokesman the concept of the colonial status of the Ukrainian SSR among Western politicians. Their actions outlined Canada's policy framework on the Ukrainian question, which largely followed all subsequent governments. ; Проаналізовано діяльність прем'єр-міністра Канади Джона Діфенбейкера (1957–1963), спрямовану на захист національних прав українців у Радянському Союзі. До основних питань, які канадський політик упровадив до канадського суспільного дискурсу, належали проблеми порушення конституційно гарантованих прав людини в Українській РСР, арешти і переслідування дисидентів, реалізація права народу на самовизначення, відкриття канадського консульства у Києві тощо. Окремо простежено заходи й ініціативи Дж. Діфенбейкера на міжнародній арені, зокрема виступ 26 вересня 1960 р. на Генеральній Асамблеї ООН та реакцію на нього в Радянському Союзі, створення Міжнародного комітету захисту прав людини. Відзначено, що навіть після відставки з посади прем'єр-міністра Канади, Дж. Діфенбейкер активно цікавився ситуацією в Українській РСР, виступаючи на захист національних прав її мешканців.

The article is devoted to the revealing of specificity and features of understanding of freedom in eastern religious philosophical thoughts and comparative analysis of her interpretation in western and eastern traditions, which reveals its important differences as well in essence understanding of an ethical notions freedom, good, evil and personality. Western understanding of freedom is related to struggle for existence and power, politics, satisfaction of desires. On the contrary, the specificity of eastern (Hindu) understanding of freedom is related to her asociality and aspiration to releasing from dependencies, desires and introvertalpsychological orientation. The eastern (vedic) tradition freedom problem come to achievement a perfect state of unreflecting of reality and an apofatic understanding of individuality. It's examines ethical notions good, happiness only together with its opposites that represents in notion «play» of godlike forces(«lila») in Upanishades, that human perceives as «good» and «evil». It's asserts an active freedom by means of the spiritual logic renunciation and finding, receiving in Bhagavadgita. It's makes a comparative analysis and eduction of a differences between freedom understanding in existentialism, intuitionalism, pragmatism and eastern philosophical thoughts, which represents S. Vivekananda, B. Sh. Radgnish and so on. Inner releasing from illusory ego in sankhia philosophy has analogue with treatment by J-P Sartre of human essence as Absence and Presence of unreal (possible.) as well as notions «Atman» and «pure consciousness»(Bergson) is coincides in understanding of liberation as a «purification». As a whole, modern eastern thought is more advanced and radical, than western thought on the problem of freedom, state, authority, property, family and religion, as well as on the matter of inner liberation of personality. Thus basic value notions of East is similar to western notions and the same time is alternative as regards to western rationalism and pragmatism.Kеy words: freedom, liberation, dependence, introversion, asociality, vedantism. ; Стаття присвячена виявленню своєрідності і особливостей розуміння свободи в релігійно-філософської думці Сходу, а також порівняльному аналізу її трактовок у західної і східної традиціях, який виявляє їх значну різницю також і в розумінні сутності етичних понять добра , зла і особистості. Своєрідність східного (індуїстського) розуміння свободи пов'язано із її асоціальністю, прагненням до звільнення від залежностей, бажань і інтровертно-психологічною орієнтацією.Ключові слова: свобода, звільнення, залежність, інтровертність, асоціальність, ведантизм. Статья посвящена выявлению своеобразия и особенностей понимания свободы в религиозно-философской мысли Востока, а также сравнительному анализу еѐ трактовок в западной и восточной традициях, который выявил их значительные различия также и в понимании сущности этических понятий добра, зла и личности. Своеобразие восточного (индуистского) понимания свободы связано с еѐ асоциальностью, стремлением к освобождению от зависимостей, желаний и интровертно-психологической ориентацией.Ключевые слова: свобода, освобождение, зависимость, интровертность, асоциальность, ведантизм. The article is devoted to the revealing of specificity and features of understanding of freedom in eastern religious philosophical thoughts and comparative analysis of her interpretation in western and eastern traditions, which reveals its important differences as well in essence understanding of an ethical notions freedom, good, evil and personality. Western understanding of freedom is related to struggle for existence and power, politics, satisfaction of desires. On the contrary, the specificity of eastern (Hindu) understanding of freedom is related to her asociality and aspiration to releasing from dependencies, desires and introvertalpsychological orientation. The eastern (vedic) tradition freedom problem come to achievement a perfect state of unreflecting of reality and an apofatic understanding of individuality. It's examines ethical notions good, happiness only together with its opposites that represents in notion «play» of godlike forces(«lila») in Upanishades, that human perceives as «good» and «evil». It's asserts an active freedom by means of the spiritual logic renunciation and finding, receiving in Bhagavadgita. It's makes a comparative analysis and eduction of a differences between freedom understanding in existentialism, intuitionalism, pragmatism and eastern philosophical thoughts, which represents S. Vivekananda, B. Sh. Radgnish and so on. Inner releasing from illusory ego in sankhia philosophy has analogue with treatment by J-P Sartre of human essence as Absence and Presence of unreal (possible.) as well as notions «Atman» and «pure consciousness»(Bergson) is coincides in understanding of liberation as a «purification». As a whole, modern eastern thought is more advanced and radical, than western thought on the problem of freedom, state, authority, property, family and religion, as well as on the matter of inner liberation of personality. Thus basic value notions of East is similar to western notions and the same time is alternative as regards to western rationalism and pragmatism.Kеy words: freedom, liberation, dependence, introversion, asociality, vedantism.

The article analyses the peculiarities of civilization development. It is established that Western European civilization is represented in the form of the politics-economic entity – European Union, using the weak economy of others, most often of Eastern European countries tries to solve its own problems related to the satisfaction of needs and benefits of its citizens. In this regard, Western European civilization became universal, it transformed and conquered all modern world. It is found out that Ukrainian society is on the clash between civilizations and today it performs the role of so called buffer zone. The limitropheness of the Ukrainian society is proved, which, as in the times of National liberation war of 1648-1654 and the National-democratic revolution of 1917-1920, and now has an impact on the mentality of the Ukrainian society, its definiteness in the further development. It is grounded that without a strong economy of our state and without implementing the values of Western European civilization, the Ukrainian society will not be considered by the countries of the Old Europe as equal. In this regard, at this stage the attention is focused on the neutral status of our state with the further joining Western European civilization as an equal partner, not a vassal. ; Проаналізовано особливості цивілізаційного розвитку. Встановлено, що західноєвропейська цивілізація, представлена політико-економічним утворенням – Європейським Союзом використовуючи слабку економіку інших, найчастіше східноєвропейських країн, намагається вирішити власні проблеми, пов'язані із задоволенням потреб та благ своїх громадян. У зв'язку з цим західноєвропейська цивілізація стала універсальною, перетворила і завоювала весь сучасний світ Землі. З'ясовано, що українське суспільство знаходиться на міжцивілізаційному зіткненні і сьогодні виконує роль своєрідної буферної зони. Доведено лімітрофність українського суспільства, що, як і за часів Національно-визвольної війни 1648–1654 рр. і Національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр., так і зараз, здійснює вплив на ментальність українського суспільства, його визначеність у подальшому розвитку. Обґрунтовано, що без сильної економіки нашої держави і без впровадження цінностей західноєвропейської цивілізації українське суспільство не буде розглядатися суспільствами Старої Європи як рівноправне. У зв'язку з цим на даному етапі основна увага приділяється нейтральному статусу нашої держави з подальшим входженням у західноєвропейську цивілізацію як рівноправний партнер, а не васал.

The article analyses the peculiarities of civilization development. It is established that Western European civilization is represented in the form of the politics-economic entity – European Union, using the weak economy of others, most often of Eastern European countries tries to solve its own problems related to the satisfaction of needs and benefits of its citizens. In this regard, Western European civilization became universal, it transformed and conquered all modern world. It is found out that Ukrainian society is on the clash between civilizations and today it performs the role of so called buffer zone. The limitropheness of the Ukrainian society is proved, which, as in the times of National liberation war of 1648-1654 and the National-democratic revolution of 1917-1920, and now has an impact on the mentality of the Ukrainian society, its definiteness in the further development. It is grounded that without a strong economy of our state and without implementing the values of Western European civilization, the Ukrainian society will not be considered by the countries of the Old Europe as equal. In this regard, at this stage the attention is focused on the neutral status of our state with the further joining Western European civilization as an equal partner, not a vassal. ; Проаналізовано особливості цивілізаційного розвитку. Встановлено, що західноєвропейська цивілізація, представлена політико-економічним утворенням – Європейським Союзом використовуючи слабку економіку інших, найчастіше східноєвропейських країн, намагається вирішити власні проблеми, пов'язані із задоволенням потреб та благ своїх громадян. У зв'язку з цим західноєвропейська цивілізація стала універсальною, перетворила і завоювала весь сучасний світ Землі. З'ясовано, що українське суспільство знаходиться на міжцивілізаційному зіткненні і сьогодні виконує роль своєрідної буферної зони. Доведено лімітрофність українського суспільства, що, як і за часів Національно-визвольної війни 1648–1654 рр. і Національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр., так і зараз, здійснює вплив на ментальність українського суспільства, його визначеність у подальшому розвитку. Обґрунтовано, що без сильної економіки нашої держави і без впровадження цінностей західноєвропейської цивілізації українське суспільство не буде розглядатися суспільствами Старої Європи як рівноправне. У зв'язку з цим на даному етапі основна увага приділяється нейтральному статусу нашої держави з подальшим входженням у західноєвропейську цивілізацію як рівноправний партнер, а не васал.

Introduction. Tourist activity in the western Ukrainian border regions is organized in such a way that a tourist destination becomes a key element of the tourism system. However, their small number and some problems with their creation require theoretical and methodological support, which determines the relevance of the scientific article.Purpose and methods. Definition of basic theories, basic scientific approaches and formation of an ideal image of a tourist destination for the western Ukrainian border regions. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific and theoretical methods:– analysis and synthesis - to determine the basic theories and scientific approaches to the formation of tourist destinations;– expert assessment – to establish the main components of tourist destinations and determine their types;– idealization – to form an ideal image of a tourist destination;– induction, deduction – to determine the basic principles of a systematic approach which is based on the consideration of a tourist destination as a whole object.Results. Based on the analysis of theories of local government, the most important theories are identified and their role in the formation of tourist destinations. In particular, the use of the theory of dualism implies that the formation of tourist destinations must take into account the balance of state and local interests and the inadmissibility of the separation of individual management tasks into local and state. The theory of a free community gives the community the right to independently manage its territory, its resources, determine activities, implement advanced technologies, and so on. No less important for the formation of tourist destinations is the general theory of municipal government or socio-economic theory, which is based not on human rights, but economic necessity and practicality.The analysis of the territories of western Ukrainian border regions on the provision of tourist resources, the organization of cross-border cooperation, which helped to determine the main scientific approaches to the formation of tourist destinations and establish the main components of a tourist destination, determine its types by scale and radius.Conclusions. Defining basic theories and scientific approaches to the formation of tourist destinations, creating an ideal image of a tourist destination for the western Ukrainian border regions will contribute to their further successful operation.Discussion. Prospects for further research include the study of foreign experience, the use of a cluster approach, ranking and sequence of actions in the theoretical and methodological support of the formation of tourist destinations.

The article analyzes the frame as a tool for creating a new picture of reality for the successful manipulation of public opinion. The frame is defined as a construct, designed to change the view of consumers of a media product depending on the political situation. The article presents the author's distinctions of Western (America and Western European countries) and post-Soviet (Russia) framing, each of which is used to create a mass media product and new meanings in the information field.The effect of framing can function in the mass media as a natural social construct, but the frame, studied in the article, is artificially created for the deliberate political manipulation of an individual's ideological picture.It is pointed out the difference between the frame effect and the Agenda-setting theory, which greatly simplifies the task of defining an artificial frame, because the agenda-setting theory means political influence on the mass media and indicates the possibility of creating a frame in a separate publication.The functional purpose of the author's table is to separate the frame forms according to the features of the political structure of the countries. The main criteria for the separation of the post-Soviet and western frames were the following indicators: technical features, the place of the frame in the information space and, in fact, the type of frame.The Internet has become a separate indicator for determining the technical impact on the frame. The criteria for analyzing its role were the speed and quality of the provider's services, which influenced the access to the network and the amount of created content in the virtual space.Illustrating in detail the aspects of creating various types of framing by geographic index, we can distinguish various social constructs that build the reality of different countries, so that we can examine in more detail a number of ideological trends that have been formed artificially in order to manipulate the society.Key words: frame, framing effect, post-truth, news frame, information field, bots. ; У статті проводиться аналіз фрейму як інструменту творення нової картини дійсності для успішної маніпуляції суспільною думкою. В роботі фрейм визначений як конструкт для змінення уявлень споживачів медійного продукту залежно від потреб політичної сили. Робота містить авторський поділ фреймінгу на західний (Америка та країни Західної Європи) та пострадянський (Росія), кожен з яких використовується для творення масмедійного продукту та нових смислів у інформаційному полі.Ключові слова: фрейм, ефект фреймінгу, постправда, новинна рамка, боти.

The article considers the strategic and tactical functions of advertising, the peculiarities of advertising in Western Ukrainian newspapers and magazines are analyzed, which came out in the conditions of cruel enslavement of Ukrainians by the chauvinistic power of Poland (1919–1939). The Entente states on March 15, 1923, recognized the right of Poland to Eastern Galicia – Lviv, Stanislav, and Ternopil voivodeships, which were formed in the pre-Austrian period, had their regional specifics. It was expressed in the active Ukrainian national movement, the activities of national parties and societies, the development of national press authorities. During the interwar period, almost 700 different newspapers and magazines were published in Galicia. In many of them, in particular, in "Dilo", "Tsentroreklama", "Hromadskyi Holos", "Svoboda", "Hromadskyi Visnyk", "Nyva", "Vpered" and other publications printed advertising messages which reflected the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural and artistic life of the western Ukrainian region. Advertisers and employees of newspapers and magazines deepened the educational and national, conceptual, and thematic essence of advertising. The author emphasizes that advertising messages answered three questions: what do we advertise, for whom do we advertise and how do we advertise? Powerful educational and national advertising of the cooperative movement under the slogan "Birds of a feather" provoked opposition and a negative reaction from both Polish and Jewish industrialists. After all, the economic growth of Ukrainian cooperation has helped increase the role of Ukrainians in the political life of Poland and formed the national consciousness, independent state beliefs. Based on the analysis of different types of newspaper advertising messages, the author concluded that advertising is an active political-ideological, socio-economic, linguistic and cultural communicator. In the current conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, anti-Ukrainian aggression, it is necessary to ...

This essay constitutes a brief refl ection on the fact that courses in social andpolitical philosophy given in Western countries – and not only in Western countries –tend usually to emphasize the Western tradition, from Plato to Rawls and beyond.This is also the case with the author's own textbook on the subject. But in fact,this is a defi ciency. For, while the works of this tradition contain much importantthinking and take very diverse positions on fundamental questions, they tend on thewhole to refl ect an attitude of superiority vis-à-vis non-Western cultures, and theyhave contributed to perpetuating that attitude in their Western readers. (John Rawls'sown late work, The Law of Peoples, illustrates this.) Of course, even within Westernculture there are differences in the perspectives from which these works are taught:for example, a Ukrainian perspective on them is unlikely to be identical to a WesternEuropean perspective. But, while these writings should not be entirely set aside,there is a need for an opening towards a far more global point of view in the teachingof social and political philosophy in the future. ; Ця стаття презентує стислі роздуми прокурси з соціальної і політичної філософії, які викладаються у західних країнах (і не тільки у західних країнах) і зазвичай підкреслюють західнітрадиції від Платона до Ролза і за її межами.Це ж стосується і підручника автора з цьогопитання. Але насправді цього недостатньо.Незважаючи на те, що праці цієї традиції містять багато важливих думок і демонструютьдуже різні позиції з принципових питань, вони в той же час тяжіють у ціломудо відображення ставлення зверхності щодо незахідних культур. Вони зробили свій внесок для увічнення такого ставлення в західних читачів. (Останняпраця Джона Ролза «Закон народів» це засвідчує). Звичайно, навіть в західнійкультурі існують відмінності в перспективах, з позицій яких ці твори вивчаються: наприклад, український погляд на них навряд чи буде ідентичний західноєвропейській перспективі. Однак від цих творів не варто повністю відмовлятися, існує потреба у переході до більш глобальної точки зору на викладаннясоціальної та політичної філософії в майбутньому.

The article reveals the contradictory tendencies of ethnopolitical life in Ukraine at the beginning of the XXIst century, the destabilizing infl uence of the Russian Federation on the south-eastern regions in order to slow down the European vector of the country's movement. The features of interethnic relations in the Western regions of Ukraine, external and internal factors of the manifestations of separatism and the spread of ideas for the autonomy of areas of compact residence of national minorities are singled out. The author traces the causal relationships in the ethno-political sphere in the time-past-modern measurement. It was determined that ethnopolitical relations in Ukraine in the early 2000's were characterized by the absence of a state conception of ethnic policy. This opened up foreign policy paths to infl uence the national minorities of the border regions by neighboring states, stimulated the appearance of a number of destructive political organizations that spread the ideas of separatism in the south-eastern regions of Ukraine, in the Crimean peninsula and Transcarpathia. Under the infl uence of Russian propaganda, the local population of the South-East, the Crimea, was an easy prey to ideologues of the «Russian world», who declared Ukraine as «an unnatural state education» doomed to a quick death.

The article outlines the existence of the main components of the polynational musical culture in the WUPR. Its feature is instrumental and vocal folklore of Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Germans, Hungarians, Romans, and other ethnic groups, and also peculiarities of music of ethnographic regions (Boikivshchyna, Bukovyna, Hutsulshchyna, Zakarpattia, Lemkivshchyna, Opillia, Pokuttia). Musical art successfully performed its social and cultural functions in the life of civilians and military, social strata, believers of different denominations. It helped to live and fight, to educate and mobilize, to create stronger ukrainian society spirit and popularize ukrainian nation in the world, to heal. The legislative actions of the newly created state in the field of culture, particularly of art, attested to its significance. The article specifies isolated facts from biographies of musical artists, authorship of some of their works. The purpose of our work is to systematize sources of information about the various national music of the WUPR. The urgency of this is enhanced by the fact that for a long time, due to the Communist taboos, such notes were unknown to the public. The article helps to highlight the manifestations of the components of musical culture, the development of its separate genres. The feature of WUPR music was the instrumental and vocal folklore of the ethnographic regions (Boikivshchyna, Bukovyna, Hutsulshchyna, Zakarpattia, Lemkivshchyna, Nadsiannia, Opillia, Pokuttia), as well as the music-making of different ethnic groups (Poles, Jews, Germans, Romans, Hungarians, etc.), which were predominantly part of the urban population. The peculiarities of music were also influenced by the place of residence of the people, most of which lived in villages and were engaged in agriculture. The complicated living conditions caused by the First World War, and later by Ukrainian-Polish armed struggle, devastation, hunger, diseases, outbreaks of epidemics, have not suppressed music-making completely. Church music retained its prevalence (liturgical singing, bell-ringing, organ playing). The proclamation of the Ukrainian state on the territory of Eastern Galicia caused a general elevation of Ukrainians prompting the surge of their public music-making. Among the genres of music, the most popular and common one was a song. Military music was developing further, including brass bands; singing of sacred works, in particular those that were performed at the funeral of slaughtered soldiers or those who died from the wounds. Musical and theatrical life awakened. Music-making was an urgent need to compensate for the living difficulties of all the ethnic groups at that time. At the beginning and end of the WUPR's existence, such a style trend as the Galician musical Biedermeier manifested in a peculiar way. The significance of music is reinforced by the persecution of its leaders, in particular Ukrainian priests, by Polish interventionists. Numerous newspapers contributed to the development of musical criticism. The results of our scientific research are useful for better understanding of the functions of music in different situations of the Galicians' life, its essential role in satisfying certain spiritual needs. songs of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen gained popularity; new vocal productions appeared. Military chaplains arranged, if necessary, group ; Окреслено побутування в ЗУНР головних складових полінаціональної музичної культури. Її прикметою був інструментальний і вокальний фольклор українців, поляків, євреїв, вірмен, німців, угорців, ромів, ін. етносів і особливості музики етнографічних регіонів (Бойківщини, Буковини, Гуцульщини, Закарпаття, Лемкінщини, Опілля, Покуття). Музичне мистецтво успішно виконувало притаманні йому соціокультурні функції в житті цивільних і військових, соціальних прошарків, віруючих різних конфесій. Воно допомагало жити й воювати, виховувати та мобілізовувати, утверджувати українство й оздо- ровлюватися. Закономірні дії новоствореної держави у сфері культури, зокрема мистецтва засвід- чували розуміння його важливості на фронті й у тилу. У статті уточнено окремі факти з біографій діячів музичного мистецтва, авторство деяких їхніх творів.

The subject of the study is the theoretical aspects of one of the important elements of the theory of shadowing of power – power relations on the peculiarities of the functioning of modern effective shadow elites, in particular, their methods of comparative analysis compared to Western and domestic clan power systems, limiting the negative clan influence factors of quasi–modernization and localization of excessive shadow influence on the government. The purpose of the study is a comparative determination of factors that increase the efficiency of the shadow elite under domestic conditions, the positive experience of the relevant functioning of the Western shadow elites. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural–functional, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of the study on the initial conditions for the formation of modern shadow domestic and western elites. Results of the work. The article substantiates the factors that determine the peculiarities of the functioning of domestic and western shadow elites, which cause significant differences in achieving social efficiency, in particular the activities of the state. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of socio–economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the object of study, in particular criminology. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical developments should be reduced to the following conclusions: 1) the elite system of power is divided into the official public and, to a large extent, the shadow component; this state has, to some extent, an objective character; it is necessary to ensure functioning in the mode of increase of the social and economic efficiency (for a society, for the state); 2) systemic, modern institutional factors of functioning of the domestic elite possess a large volume of deviation, criminogenic ...

The article discusses the approaches of political market theories to the functioning of public administration, namely different views on the theory. The complex nature of the defined research goals and objectives presupposes the application of an integrated methodological approach based on modern systemic and research problems related to the functioning of modern party systems and political development. This offers a holistic view of the theory in the unity of conceptual and applied aspects. The leading method of research is the method of system analysis. The methodological principle presented in all sections of this article is the principle of dialectics, which made it possible to study the views of theorists, taking into account their internal contradictions and variability. It is important to note that in the sections devoted to the issues of political struggle, elements of structural and functional analysis are used. One of the principles of the research methodology is the provisions of the political realism theory, which indicate that the main subject of the system of international relations is the nation-state. The method of comparative analysis is useful for determining the common and special in political views. The main task of the social choice theory is to normatively solve such problems of democracy as the tyranny of the majority, the massification of culture and morals, inefficient government, demagoguery and the empty space of democracy (with people in office, most of which is a variable mass used to represent citizens in general), but by no means create an explanation for the whole spectrum of political life. The theory of social choice shows a possible option for the existence of a political system – however, on the other hand.

During the revolution of 1917-1921, for the first time in the 20th century, the Ukrainian people created an independent national state, which, in the form of various formations, had all the signs of an independent state: territory, population, power, sovereignty. This article is devoted to one of the periods of existence of a national state in the form of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (further – ZUNR), namely, the processes of creation and reformation of its law-enforcement system on the example of the institute of notary.From the second half of the fourteenth century, as in other countries of that time in Europe, the notarial functions in the Western Ukrainian lands that were part of Poland were performed by the chancellery of the courts that conducted the act books. The history of the Galician notary as separated from the judiciary and an independent legal institute that relied on a broad professional self-government, begins since November 1, 1859, when the Austrian Notary Statute of 1855, was put into effect in the Ukrainian lands. On July 25, 1871, a new Statute on a notary, which acted in Galicia at the time of the construction of the Ukrainian national state – ZUNR and after the conquest by Poland (till 1934) was adopted. It started an important stage in the development of a notary in the West Ukrainian lands. Notaries-Ukrainians enjoyed authority, respect and real influence on the development of society. Thus, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and Ukrainians began the process of creating their own national state, conscious representatives of the notary community were actively involved into these processes.In accordance with the Law of the Ukrainian National Council «On the Provisional Administration of the Regions of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic» of November 16, 1918, the Austrian notarial legislation remained in force in ZUNR temporarily, and the previous notaries and employees of their offices remained at their places. On March 1, 1919, the State Secretariat of the judiciary approved the Order «On the Temporary Organization of Notaries», obliging notaries to swear allegiance to the Ukrainian state. According to the Order the general administration and supervision of the notary, the appointment and dismissal of notaries were entrusted to the State Secretariat of the judiciary.In short term and in difficult external political and internal circumstances, in ZUNR the main parts of the state machinery, including the notary institution were formed and were working very well together. The analysis of archival documents shows that the notary during the period of ZUNR, despite the unfavorable factors, continued to function, and the authorities took adequate measures for its managing. ; Проаналізовано і дано оцінку процесам творення та реформування правоохоронної системи (на прикладі інституту нотаріату), що відбувалися у ЗахідноУкраїнській Народній республіці.З'ясовано, що відповідно до Закону Української Національної Ради «Про тимчасову адміністрацію областей ЗахідноУкраїнської Народної Республіки» від 16.11.1918 р., тим­часово, до прийняття відповідного закону, у ЗУНР залишалося чинним австрійське нотаріальне законодавство (Положення 1871 р.), і, відповідно, на своїх місцях залиша­лися попередні нотаріуси та працівники їхніх канцелярій. 1.03.1919 р. Державний Секретаріат судівництва ухвалив розпорядок «Про тимчасову організацію нотарів», зобов'язавши нотаріусів скласти присягу на вірність Українській державі.За короткий строк і у тяжких зовнішньо-політичних і внутрішніх обставинах, у ЗУНР були сформовані та досить злагоджено функціонували основні ланки державного механізму, у тому числі й інститут нотаріату. Аналіз архівних документів засвідчує, що нотаріат періоду ЗУНР, попри несприятливі чинники актори продовжував функціонувати, а влада вживала адекватних заходів з його впорядкування.