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This article focuses on the phenomenon of women who kill women in the context of India's dowry murders. Killing by females is rare, and killing of other females is rarer still. India's dowry deaths, where mothers-in-law are, next to husbands, the most accused and convicted, represents a unique opportunity to examine the mechanics around women who kill, especially in the context of a gender violence crime. The article examines both the roots of the dowry system and the current anti-dowry and dowry-violence legislation to demonstrate the implicit and accepted gender inequities within marriage that serve to under gird an overall system of female oppression within the marital relationship. This inequity is understood to be a positive aspect within marriage, but ironically negative within public Indian society. The article then considers various theories of agency and motivation from social science and feminist literature to answer why some women participate in oppressing other women in Indian society. Finally, the article notes some of the ways in which Indian courts are contributing to the oppressive power structure by limiting the application of the anti-dowry and dowry-violence laws.

In the new country of Timor-Leste, women constituted in 2011 32 per cent of the parliament, a relatively high figure in the world and in the region. But to what extent has the presence of women in parliament contributed to progress towards gender equality

In the new country of Timor-Leste, women constituted in 2011 32 per cent of the parliament, a relatively high figure in the world and in the region. But to what extent has the presence of women in parliament contributed to progress towards gender equality

Australian women activists have never been enthusiastic about federalism because of its reputation as a system that restricts the scope of government and obstructs the path of progressive social change. Like their sisters in other countries, women's groups have sought collectivist solutions to economic and social problems. In the last couple of decades, however, orthodox ideas about the restrictive impact of federalism have been questioned. A revisionist view has emerged, which holds that the system sometimes facilitates the adoption of innovative policies and may lead to an expansion of the role of government. The revisionist perspective raises the question of whether women's groups have been wise to oppose federalism. This article examines relevant Canadian and Australian studies in order to test the validity of orthodox and revisionist perspectives and to draw conclusions about appropriate feminist approaches to federalism. The evidence is mixed. The main argument of this article is that, to the extent that we can distinguish its independent effect, federalism sometimes obstructs policy development and sometimes facilitates it. There are serious methodological problems involved in trying to isolate the impact of the federal variable from the many factors that influence policy, making generalisations precarious. Experience, therefore, offers little guidance to women's groups seeking to decide whether to support centralised or decentralised decision-making structures. However, this study concludes that in the context of present Australianfederal arrangements, women are more likely to achieve their aims when the Commonwealth government takes action, either alone or in cooperation with sub-national jurisdictions.

Australian women activists have never been enthusiastic about federalism because of its reputation as a system that restricts the scope of government and obstructs the path of progressive social change. Like their sisters in other countries, women's groups have sought collectivist solutions to economic and social problems. In the last couple of decades, however, orthodox ideas about the restrictive impact of federalism have been questioned. A revisionist view has emerged, which holds that the system sometimes facilitates the adoption of innovative policies and may lead to an expansion of the role of government. The revisionist perspective raises the question of whether women's groups have been wise to oppose federalism. This article examines relevant Canadian and Australian studies in order to test the validity of orthodox and revisionist perspectives and to draw conclusions about appropriate feminist approaches to federalism. The evidence is mixed. The main argument of this article is that, to the extent that we can distinguish its independent effect, federalism sometimes obstructs policy development and sometimes facilitates it. There are serious methodological problems involved in trying to isolate the impact of the federal variable from the many factors that influence policy, making generalisations precarious. Experience, therefore, offers little guidance to women's groups seeking to decide whether to support centralised or decentralised decision-making structures. However, this study concludes that in the context of present Australianfederal arrangements, women are more likely to achieve their aims when the Commonwealth government takes action, either alone or in cooperation with sub-national jurisdictions.

The authors distinguish between women-targeted and women-positive programs, citing examples of unsuccessful education programs in South Africa that were targeted at women. They question the educational and political aims of these initiatives and suggest that women-positive programs foreground gender within a broader context of transformation involving both men and women.

Citation: Hill, Grace Edna. Kansas women. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1898. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: The history of the Women of Kansas is so interwoven with the history of the state that it is almost impossible to tell their story without giving a part as the whole of the history of Kansas. It would take the inspiration of a poet, the eloquence of an orator, and the genius of a writer, to do justice to their sterling worth, their ambition and their endurance. Characters were developed, grand and noble, which exerted their influence in the years that followed, they deprived themselves of the comforts of life, and deemed no sacrifice too great which gave them the opportunity of educating their children. In the state today no truer, braver men and women ever lived, and it is this kind who has made an impress upon Kansas and her institutions. What Kansas is today, she owes to the foundations laid by her brave pioneers. Kansas has an eager restless spirit and her people are ever progressing. This spirit is manifested in the service of women as county superintendents, regents and professors of colleges, organizers of clubs in literary and art circles, in the industrial world and in almost every other line which could be mentioned.

The economic, social and political changes that have occurred in Russia over the last 10 years have had a profound effect on Russian women's lives. Economic reform has brought poverty, insecurity and high levels of anxiety and stress to much of the population, both male and female. The impact of these changes on women was amplified in the early 1990s by their structural positioning both within the workforce and within the population, brought about by the legacies of the Soviet planned economy, Soviet attitudes to gender and long established demographic trends. Alongside these historical influences, 'new' essentialist attitudes towards gender and the appropriate roles and responsibilities of women in post-Soviet Russian society have been strongly promoted through the media, political and social discourses, imposing new pressures and dilemmas on many post-Soviet Russian women. Numerous women's organisations have been established in Russia since the early 1990s, many of them with a specific remit of helping Russian women to overcome the upheavals and hardships which they face. Struggling to survive themselves with very few resources and minimal external support, Russia's grassroots women's organisations have nonetheless offered practical help and advice and emotional support and solidarity to their members. This paper is based on the findings of a period of intensive fieldwork carried out in 1995-6 with grassroots women's organisations in Moscow and three Russian provincial centres. It will present the aims, activities and impact of the groups studied. It will also investigate the ways in which these groups and their membership positioned themselves in relation to the development of essentialist attitudes and opinions on gender within Russia on the one hand, and a dialogue with 'western' feminist theory and practice on the other.

The Violence against Women Initiative is a very important framework in a time in which women need a platform to be able to discuss the problems and inequality they face in society. Throughout history women have been demonized, abuse, and treated unfairly, which has affected the way women respond to acts of violence. However, recent events have allowed women to gain the courage to stand against acts including verbal, physical, emotional, and psychological abuse. Society, in general, has to be educated and be made aware of how to respond and meticulously act during events that violate the rights of women, as well as to properly punish acts of violence against women who are most vulnerable in these cases. The presentations in this session all address a form of abuse to women of different backgrounds. The panelists seek to use their papers and research to address inequality, different forms of abuse, and societal, cultural, and structural violence that women face in the United States and México. The panelists also seek to shine a light on forms of violence against women that are overseen by the justice system and often ignored by society. Women who, due to the culture and bias created around them, are affected tremendously.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Women in municipal activities / Neva R. Deardorff -- Civic activities of women's clubs / Mary I. Wood --Women in the juvenile court / Emily Foote Runge -- Equal suffrage / Anna Howard Shaw -- Woman suffrage opposed to woman's rights / Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge -- The socializing influence of the ballot upon women / Emilie J. Hutchinson -- The evolution of a new woman / Simon N. Patten -- Political equality for women and women's wages / S.P. Breckinridge -- The militant suffrage movement / Mary Winsor -- Woman suffrage and the liquor traffic / Ella Seass Stewart -- The Equal suffrage campaign in Pennsylvania / Jennie Bradley Rosessing. ; The larger aspects of the woman's movement / Jane Addams -- Woman's place in the new civilization / Earl Barnes -- The economic basis of feminism / Maurice Parmelee -- Changed ideals and staus of the family and the public activities of women / George Elliott Howard -- The education of women and sex equality / Gertrude S. Martin -- Feminism and conventionality / Elsie Clews Parsons --The legislative influence of unenfranchised women / Mary R. Beard -- Women and social legislation in the United States / Florence Kelley. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Domestic themes made their appearance in English literature during the 16th and the 17th Centuries as a result of a cultural campaign that identified family and State. Marriage, being considered the foundation of the family, was at the core of the political, ecclesiastical and cultural projects of the time. Several plays reflect the widespread concern for the interrelation between family life and the preservation of social order and stability. In such a context, Middleton's play is of particular interest, as both the main plot and the subplot focus on stories of degradation and mockery of the institution of marriage. In "Women Beware Women", Middleton presents a family without paternal guidance that is at the mercy of the threatening external world, and emphasises the childish behaviour of both Leantio and Bianca, their disarming blindness (which foretells the tragic epilogue), and Leantio's mother realistic concerns.

Political participation of women has improved significantly in many western democracy settings; in Asian countries however, women are still left behind in terms of political participation. This article explores political participation of women in a gender-segregated society where women have disproportionate social status in a strongly patriarchal culture and political system. Femininity, political socialization, political interest, political efficacy, and patriarchal political culture were taken as predictors to assess the political participation of women. Structured interview schedules were administrated to 414 women voters from two randomly selected Tehsils, i.e. Jhang and Gujar Khan, of the Punjab Province in Pakistan. Data from the interviews were processed using Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression. The results revealed that predictors explained 58.3% of the variance in the political participation of women voters in Punjab. However, two constructs of femininity: morality and loyalty were not loaded in the model. The dominant, socially designed attributes that women should possess in Pakistani society are childbearing and rearing, love and care for parents/husband, homemaking, submissiveness, passivity, and dependence. The home/private sphere becomes the ideal, normative space for women to operate. On the other hand, men are characterized by decision making, production, independence, assertiveness, violence, and wider interaction. Thus, men are associated with the public and the public sphere. These feminine & masculine ideals are the basis of social practices and social relations in Pakistani society. These are internalized, taken for granted, and embedded into the culture, social structure, and social organization of Pakistani society.

Women Entrepreneurship isconsidered as an important tool in eradicating poverty and unemployment. Now a day's Women empowerment has become a buzzword.Empowerment of women may not be feasible just by creating employment opportunity for them. The need of the hour is to inspire them to set up their own enterprises. Traditionally, women have been on stage, by playing a crucial role in the management of the family as well as in the society. But their job has not been duly recognized. She is active in family, farms, shop, and factory and even in politics. Women entrepreneurs are gaining momentum all over the world, but at the same time they are facing a number of challenges. These challenges can be faced with making them and their family aware of the opportunities available to them. Hence the support of family members is essential for leveraging their creative talent. The paper focuses on opportunities for growth and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs of today. The paper is based on women Roti makers working in Gulbarga city of Karnataka state in India.

Women the term unanimously means the powerful and the strongest gender of the society. Women play a significant role in family and in society. She as a multitasking human being balances both her family and her professional life. The age old society strictly followed the deep rooted patriarchal system which restricted women to step out of their home environment. But as the society tends to change, women realised the urge for gender equality and started to play an inevitable role in all fields of the profession, which led to the emergence of concept named women empowerment and emancipation. Even though women achieved success in different professional fields, when it comes under the banner of politics they are excluded. Women are politically excluded and even woman hesitate to choose politics as their profession. Women, who taste the fruit of success in many professions, still taste bitterness in politics. This theoretical paper aims to throw light on the political exclusion of women. The paper focuses on the challenges for women when they choose politics as their profession. This paper tries toaccumulate the reasons for women's hesitation towards politics. But still few powerful women politicians are effectively performing in India. This theoretical paper also symbolizes those significant women in politics.

Indigenous gender roles have been distorted by colonialism, both through imposed systems of patriarchy and redefining gender roles within Indigenous communities. In Canada, the Indian Act of 1857 initiated a system of patriarchy which resulted in the loss of matrilineal family lines and Indigenous women's rights to represent their community in leadership roles. This system still exists today, and despite numerous attempts to modify the law, the Indian Act still exerts patrilineal bias on Indigenous communities. In spite of this, there exists a large volume of research and literature by Indigenous women which investigates Indigenous feminism and the agency of Indigenous women in their communities. Examples include the writings of Sherry Farrell-Racette (Farrell-Racette 2010), Lee Maracle (Maracle 1996), Beverly Singer (Singer 2001) and Carol Rose Daniels (Daniels 2018) as well as online campaigns such as Rematriate (Rematriate 2018). Moreover, many Indigenous women in Canada are now stepping forward to address patriarchal systems in Indigenous institutions, such as the Assembly of First Nations, and outdated laws favouring male representation over female in meeting with governmental institutions. My research considers decolonization methods in relation to Indigenous feminist perspectives in research practice. Through an Indigenous research paradigm based on the teachings of the Indigenous Cree medicine wheel, this paper aims to decolonize homogenous forms of research by promoting Indigenous women's knowledge. The medicine wheel in Indigenous teachings is a philosophy and a practical method of interpreting the physical, mental and transcendental domains. For research purposes, the medicine wheel offers a unique representation of Indigenous epistemology, ontology, axiology and methodology for use in research. Furthermore, following decolonial theory and Indigenous methodologies this research investigates the intersections of Indigenous feminism in decolonizing knowledge production and dismantling paternalistic affects in educational institutions. Including Indigenous approaches to listening, participation and storytelling as opposed to standardized interviews, as well as observation and document analysis, this thesis opens space for generating community-based definitions of Indigenous feminism. Focusing on the Canadian context, Indigenous women in Saskatchewan possess a vast amount of traditional knowledge and ways of knowing which have been devalued since the enforcement of the Indian Act. One vital way of Indigenizing cultural revitalization is by reclaiming Indigenous women's epistemologies as a means of decolonizing gender roles and negating the impacts of the Indian Act.