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Voydanoffs (1987) three constructs for the sequencing of work and family stages are integrated with family development theory to produce three hypotheses in regard to work-family career stages and its relationship to satisfaction with the balance between work and family. Canadian findings indicate that the effects for work-family stages are moderated by gender. Mothers who work over twenty hours a week are less satisfied with the balance between work and family than fathers and mothers who work less than twenty hours or are at home full time. Part time dual earner families show relatively high satisfaction with work-family balance for both genders. These finding are discussed in the contexts of family development theory and current social change.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the challenges female parliamentarians in Ghana face in their attempt to balance their professions and families.


Design/methodology/approach
This is a qualitative study which explores the nature of strain female MP's in Ghana encounter in their struggle to achieve a work-life balance.


Findings
It is concluded that most female parliamentarians in Ghana go through tough times in trying to juggle career with family life. The study revealed that the MPs adopt strategies such as prioritizing roles, limiting official duties at home and using social support to help them cope with the pressures of their roles. The organizational policies put in place to aid female employees to achieve a healthy work-life balance did not yield much result for the participants in this study.


Originality/value
The originality of this paper lies in it being the first study that qualitatively explores the complex challenges female parliamentarians face in their political careers and family lives in Ghana.

This article introduces work/family border theory - a new theory about work/family balance. According to the theory, people are daily border-crossers between the domains of work and family. The theory addresses how domain integration and segmentation, border creation and management, border-crosser participation, and relationships between border-crossers and others at work and home influence work/family balance. Propositions are given to guide future research.

In the context of the intensification of labor activity, the spread of unstable forms of employment, the growth of informatization and digitalization of social development, the unstable economic situation, the issues of ensuring a balance between the work and personal life of the working population are being actualized. This is especially important for workers with families and, most importantly, children, because in the modern realities (depopulation, high mortality rate in working age, low birth rate), the importance of determinants of family well-being increases significantly. And in a situation where parents are successful workers building a career or developing their business, the problem of the balance between work and living space is even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the balance of personal life and work of successful working parents. The context of the success of working parents in the analysis of the work-life balance is the scientific novelty of the study, the practical significance is connected with the possibility of using data in the management activities of economic entities in development of social support measures for employees. The information base of the study was made up of data from sociological studies: the pilot sociological study "Modern Successful Man" conducted in 2018 (no. = 492 people) by an international scientific group (psychologists, economists, sociologists) in the cities of Vologda, Cherepovets, Petrozavodsk and Kolomna (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Lublin (Poland), as well as monitoring the quality of labor potential (no.=1500people) conducted in Vologda oblast by employees of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 57% of the cross-country study participants identify themselves with successful people. 100% of working parents in Vologda oblast agree with the statement that "work is a way to achieve success." It was found out that working parents who consider themselves successful people show significantly higher satisfaction with life and work in general, including directly with the balance of personal and work life. It is shown that having a family not only does not interfere with the career aspirations of spouses, but even contributes to them. balance, work, personal life, working parents, work satisfaction.

This research paper aims at investigating the importance of work–family balance (WFB) on family businesses from Andalusia (Spain) and its impact on job satisfaction and employees' commitment. The research objectives are twofold: (1) to classify companies based on the level of WFB implementation; (2) to investigate the differences between groups of companies in relation to job satisfaction, commitment, firm size and generation. In order to achieve these objectives an empirical study was conducted with a sample of 219 family businesses. The data collected using self-completion questionnaires were analyzed using cluster analysis and Manova. Main findings show a diffusion of WFB and broad implementation in this context. Thus, WFB has a positive impact on job satisfaction and on employees' commitment. These findings contribute to the literature and practice highlighting the role of managers in the implementation of WFB and its subsequent positive return related to its impact on employees and society.

PurposeThe paper seeks to examine the relationships between various work demands and resources and satisfaction with work‐family balance in a sample of German office workers. Work‐to‐family conflict is expected to mediate several relationships between dependent and independent variables.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 716 office workers from two service sector organizations in Germany participated in a comprehensive online survey. Hierarchical multivariate regressions were used to test the predicted relationships.FindingsPerceived high organizational time expectations, psychological job demands and job insecurity were found to be negatively related to employees' satisfaction with work‐family balance. Work‐to‐family conflict partially mediated those relationships. Social support at work and job control revealed positive relationships with satisfaction with work‐family balance, but contrary to predictions this association persisted after controlling for work‐to‐family conflict.Research limitations/implicationsThe study used a cross‐sectional design and employees' self reports which may be problematic in drawing causal conclusions.Originality/valueThe majority of studies in work‐family research look at either work‐family conflict, or more recently, at work‐family facilitation/enrichment, but little research has been conducted on employees' overall assessment of satisfaction with work‐family balance. By investigating relationships between various work demands and resources and the mediating role of work‐to‐family conflict in a sample of German office workers, the study extends previous research and contributes to the work‐family literature by clarifying the relationship between work‐to‐family conflict and satisfaction with work‐family balance.

This study deepens our theoretical and practical understanding of work—family balance, defined as the 'accomplishment of role-related expectations that are negotiated and shared between an individual and his/her role-related partners in the work and family domains' (Grzywacz & Carlson, 2007: 458). We develop a new measure of work—family balance and establish discriminant validity between it, work—family conflict, and work—family enrichment. Further, we examine the relationship of work—family balance with six key work and family outcomes. Results suggest that balance explains variance beyond that explained by traditional measures of conflict and enrichment for five of six outcomes tested: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, family satisfaction, family performance, and family functioning. We conclude with a discussion of the applications of our work.