\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"
\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"
\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"
The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the official creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article finally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.
The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the official creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article finally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.
The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the official creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article finally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.
The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the official creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article finally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the innate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. According to the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A. Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A. Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission set up in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples. A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the innate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. According to the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A. Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A. Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission set up in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples. A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the innate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. According to the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A. Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A. Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission set up in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples. A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the innate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. According to the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A. Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A. Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission set up in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples. A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.
SUMMARY Lithuanian St. Casimir Association (for educating and fostering youth) was established in 1925. It was one of the most influential cultural and educational organizations in the country, regarding all working Lithuanian associations in Vilnius region. The need for it was immense as most of the residents in Vilnius region were countrymen. The aim of the association was to promote the education of Lithuanian youth, as well as to maintain the national identity. For this aim, the association's departments, libraries, reading-rooms were being established in various regions. Lectures, courses and cultural events were being organized as well. The association worked according to its rules which, after long struggle, were ratified by the government. The main its departments were Central Board and General Members Meeting. Central Board comprised five people and a chairperson. Lithuanian St Casimir Association (LSCA) cooperated with "Rytas" educational association and Temporary Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians (TCVL). The latter provided financial and other support. Through the mediation of it, through partially conspiratorial channels the press and literature needed for education was available from Lithuania. The founders of the LSCA were authoritative priests, and the long-term chairmen were A. Viskantas and V. Taškūnas. During the year 1925-1930 the association managed to establish many of its departments and in 1935 the record was reached as even 477 departments were working at the time. Admittedly, cooperation with other Lithuanian organizations was successful and Lithuanians' cultural and educational needs more or less were satisfied. The governmental institutions in Vilnius region and especially voivode L. Bocianskis undertook repressive activities in order to stop the further development of the LSCA. From the beginning of the year 1936 the departments of the association in border regions were starting to be closed, the government announced by propaganda that doing this the internal order was warranted. In principle, the Polish local authority was violating the main regulations, the constitution, etc. as it was illegal persecution. The chairman of the association kept writing letters of complaint for Vilnius governmental institutions, however, the persecution would not stop. Appeals to the most authoritative Polish politics in Warsaw also had no effect. In 1937 the further closure of the departments of the LSCA was being continued. It is important to mention that the representatives of the government were trying to alienate the property of closing departments, therefore, the potential of the organization was decreasing. At the end of December, in 1937 Lithuanian St Casimir Association was closed down. That was one of the most eminent Lithuanian organizations in Vilnius region.
SUMMARY Lithuanian St. Casimir Association (for educating and fostering youth) was established in 1925. It was one of the most influential cultural and educational organizations in the country, regarding all working Lithuanian associations in Vilnius region. The need for it was immense as most of the residents in Vilnius region were countrymen. The aim of the association was to promote the education of Lithuanian youth, as well as to maintain the national identity. For this aim, the association's departments, libraries, reading-rooms were being established in various regions. Lectures, courses and cultural events were being organized as well. The association worked according to its rules which, after long struggle, were ratified by the government. The main its departments were Central Board and General Members Meeting. Central Board comprised five people and a chairperson. Lithuanian St Casimir Association (LSCA) cooperated with "Rytas" educational association and Temporary Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians (TCVL). The latter provided financial and other support. Through the mediation of it, through partially conspiratorial channels the press and literature needed for education was available from Lithuania. The founders of the LSCA were authoritative priests, and the long-term chairmen were A. Viskantas and V. Taškūnas. During the year 1925-1930 the association managed to establish many of its departments and in 1935 the record was reached as even 477 departments were working at the time. Admittedly, cooperation with other Lithuanian organizations was successful and Lithuanians' cultural and educational needs more or less were satisfied. The governmental institutions in Vilnius region and especially voivode L. Bocianskis undertook repressive activities in order to stop the further development of the LSCA. From the beginning of the year 1936 the departments of the association in border regions were starting to be closed, the government announced by propaganda that doing this the internal order was warranted. In principle, the Polish local authority was violating the main regulations, the constitution, etc. as it was illegal persecution. The chairman of the association kept writing letters of complaint for Vilnius governmental institutions, however, the persecution would not stop. Appeals to the most authoritative Polish politics in Warsaw also had no effect. In 1937 the further closure of the departments of the LSCA was being continued. It is important to mention that the representatives of the government were trying to alienate the property of closing departments, therefore, the potential of the organization was decreasing. At the end of December, in 1937 Lithuanian St Casimir Association was closed down. That was one of the most eminent Lithuanian organizations in Vilnius region.
SUMMARY Lithuanian St. Casimir Association (for educating and fostering youth) was established in 1925. It was one of the most influential cultural and educational organizations in the country, regarding all working Lithuanian associations in Vilnius region. The need for it was immense as most of the residents in Vilnius region were countrymen. The aim of the association was to promote the education of Lithuanian youth, as well as to maintain the national identity. For this aim, the association's departments, libraries, reading-rooms were being established in various regions. Lectures, courses and cultural events were being organized as well. The association worked according to its rules which, after long struggle, were ratified by the government. The main its departments were Central Board and General Members Meeting. Central Board comprised five people and a chairperson. Lithuanian St Casimir Association (LSCA) cooperated with "Rytas" educational association and Temporary Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians (TCVL). The latter provided financial and other support. Through the mediation of it, through partially conspiratorial channels the press and literature needed for education was available from Lithuania. The founders of the LSCA were authoritative priests, and the long-term chairmen were A. Viskantas and V. Taškūnas. During the year 1925-1930 the association managed to establish many of its departments and in 1935 the record was reached as even 477 departments were working at the time. Admittedly, cooperation with other Lithuanian organizations was successful and Lithuanians' cultural and educational needs more or less were satisfied. The governmental institutions in Vilnius region and especially voivode L. Bocianskis undertook repressive activities in order to stop the further development of the LSCA. From the beginning of the year 1936 the departments of the association in border regions were starting to be closed, the government announced by propaganda that doing this the internal order was warranted. In principle, the Polish local authority was violating the main regulations, the constitution, etc. as it was illegal persecution. The chairman of the association kept writing letters of complaint for Vilnius governmental institutions, however, the persecution would not stop. Appeals to the most authoritative Polish politics in Warsaw also had no effect. In 1937 the further closure of the departments of the LSCA was being continued. It is important to mention that the representatives of the government were trying to alienate the property of closing departments, therefore, the potential of the organization was decreasing. At the end of December, in 1937 Lithuanian St Casimir Association was closed down. That was one of the most eminent Lithuanian organizations in Vilnius region.
SUMMARY Lithuanian St. Casimir Association (for educating and fostering youth) was established in 1925. It was one of the most influential cultural and educational organizations in the country, regarding all working Lithuanian associations in Vilnius region. The need for it was immense as most of the residents in Vilnius region were countrymen. The aim of the association was to promote the education of Lithuanian youth, as well as to maintain the national identity. For this aim, the association's departments, libraries, reading-rooms were being established in various regions. Lectures, courses and cultural events were being organized as well. The association worked according to its rules which, after long struggle, were ratified by the government. The main its departments were Central Board and General Members Meeting. Central Board comprised five people and a chairperson. Lithuanian St Casimir Association (LSCA) cooperated with "Rytas" educational association and Temporary Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians (TCVL). The latter provided financial and other support. Through the mediation of it, through partially conspiratorial channels the press and literature needed for education was available from Lithuania. The founders of the LSCA were authoritative priests, and the long-term chairmen were A. Viskantas and V. Taškūnas. During the year 1925-1930 the association managed to establish many of its departments and in 1935 the record was reached as even 477 departments were working at the time. Admittedly, cooperation with other Lithuanian organizations was successful and Lithuanians' cultural and educational needs more or less were satisfied. The governmental institutions in Vilnius region and especially voivode L. Bocianskis undertook repressive activities in order to stop the further development of the LSCA. From the beginning of the year 1936 the departments of the association in border regions were starting to be closed, the government announced by propaganda that doing this the internal order was warranted. In principle, the Polish local authority was violating the main regulations, the constitution, etc. as it was illegal persecution. The chairman of the association kept writing letters of complaint for Vilnius governmental institutions, however, the persecution would not stop. Appeals to the most authoritative Polish politics in Warsaw also had no effect. In 1937 the further closure of the departments of the LSCA was being continued. It is important to mention that the representatives of the government were trying to alienate the property of closing departments, therefore, the potential of the organization was decreasing. At the end of December, in 1937 Lithuanian St Casimir Association was closed down. That was one of the most eminent Lithuanian organizations in Vilnius region.
