After several months of research and consultation the previous Labor government introduced in May 1994 a set of labour market programs targeted at the long term unemployed with its publication of Working Nation. With the new Coalition government taking office in March 1996 we saw the end of Working Nation. Working Nation had a short life: it was born accompanied with a loud fanfare, it was buried quietly. Did Working Nation labour market programs lead to a fall in unemployment and a fall in long term unemployment? This paper attempts to evaluate its success using simple econometric methods on macroeconomic data. Our results suggest that although Working Nation had a very short life it succeeded in helping the long term unemployed: it was a very valuable social experiment which was aborted for political reasons. The Coalition government has apparently lost interest in the long term unemployed: there has been a massive cutback in expenditure on labour market programs and the only plans it has announced to date are the work for the dole scheme for long term unemployed young people. It is hoping that its industrial relations legislation will lead to a miraculous solution to the problem of unemployment and long term unemployment which has plagued most of the OECD economies for several years.
After a quarter of a century of market reform, China has become the workshop of the world and the leading growth engine of the global economy. Its immense labour force accounts for some twenty-nine per cent of the world's total labour pool but all too little is known about Chinese labour beyond the image of workers toiling under appalling sweatshop conditions for extremely low wages. Working in China introduces the lived experiences of labour in a wide range of occupations and work settings. The chapters of this book cover professional employees such as engineers and lawyers, service workers such as bar hostesses, domestic maids and hotel workers, and industrial workers in a variety of factories. The mosaic of human faces, organizational dynamics and workers' voices presented in the book reflect the complexity of changes and challenges taking place in the Chinese workplace today. Based on extraordinary and thorough field research, this book will have a wide readership at undergraduate level and beyond, appealing to students and scholars from a myriad of disciplines including Chinese studies, labour studies, sociology and political economy.
Pätkätöitä tekevät matkailijat Working Holiday -viisumilla Australiassa Sadoista tuhansista vuosittain Australiaan matkaavista turisteista, useat toteuttavat matkansa Australian hallituksen Working Holiday Maker -ohjelman puitteissa. Ohjelmassa mukana olevien maiden nuoret matkailijat voivat halutessaan laillisesti asua ja työskennellä Australiassa enintään vuoden ajan. Joskin joillakin toimialoilla ja Australian alueilla Working Holiday -vierailua on mahdollista jatkaa toisenkin vuoden verran. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Working Holiday -viisumilla Australiassa työskenteleviä matkailijoita epävarmojen pätkätöiden näkökulmasta. Tutkimus on toteutettu autoetnografisena tutkimuksena. Tutkimuksessa seurattiin viiden kuukauden aikana matkailijoiden työoloja, heidän käsityksiään työstä, lomailusta ja Working Holiday -konseptista, sekä heidän mahdollisesta naiiviudestaan Australian palkallisen työn standardeja ja työehtoja kohtaan. Nykypäivänä työntekijöiden oikeudet ja työllistymisten standardit ovat huonontuneet, kun samanaikaisesti erilaiset epävarmat uuden työn muodot ovat tulleet entistä yleisemmiksi. Australiassa Working Holiday -viisumilla työskentelevät matkailijat tekevät usein tällaista epävarmaa, prekaaria, työtä. He työskentelevät tehtävissä joita useimmat australialaiset eivät tekisi. Tämän lisäksi matkailijoiden asenteet palkallista työtä kohtaan, sekä heidän heikko työntekijän perusoikeuksien tuntemuksensa asettavat nämä matkailijat vaaraan valita arvelluttavia työmahdollisuuksia ja näin joutua alttiiksi työnantajien huonolle kohtelulle. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksena syntynyt autoetnografinen monografia pyrkii tarjoamaan syvempää ymmärrystä epävarman prekaarin työn eri ilmenemismuodoista kansainvälisissä yhteyksissä, ulkomaisten työtekijöiden ja erityisesti työskentelevien matkailijoiden näkökulmasta. ; Among the hundreds of thousands of international backpackers that travel to Australia each year, many do so under the auspices of the Australian government's Working Holiday Maker Program. The program allows young travellers from distinct countries to legally live and work in Australia for up to one year, with a chance for some to stay for a second year if performing specified work in certain Australian regions. This thesis investigates working holiday makers in Australia as precarious working tourists through a five-month autoethnographic study of their work situations, perceptions related to work, holiday, and working holiday, and their potential naivety to undertaking paid employment in Australia. In our contemporary world, workers rights and standards of employment have regressed, with a rise of precarious work becoming more and more commonplace. Not only do working holiday makers take on many jobs typically associated with precarious work, reported as doing jobs most Australian's won't do, their attitudes toward paid employment and lack of knowledge of basic workers rights can put them further at risk of pursuing questionable work situations and susceptible to devious treatment by employers and agencies. The resulting autoethnographic monograph from this research aims to provide insight into new manifestations within international contexts of precarious work involving foreign workers and working tourists.
Latest issue consulted: 40/73 ; Description based on: 1/73; title from cover ; At head of title: European Communities ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Some documents drawn from this series appear also in: European Parliament. Reports
ADB's experience with other postconflict countries suggests that total investment requirements for reconstruction and development are higher than initial estimates and that expectation of large amount of assistance of grants is usually not materialized.2 Since November 2001, funding agencies have provided substantial humanitarian relief support through UN agencies and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to Afghanistan on pure grant basis. Only limited grant financing has been available for reconstruction and development. The Government is very keen to start major reconstruction work. This has been difficult with bilateral development aid, which tends to be fragmented, tied, and small scale. While the Government continues to mobilize grant financing,3 resumption of concessional lending by international financial institutions (IFIs) to Afghanistan will be an essential part of global support for reconstruction and development. IFIs can provide only a small share of their assistance in the form of grants.
ADB's experience with other postconflict countries suggests that total investment requirements for reconstruction and development are higher than initial estimates and that expectation of large amount of assistance of grants is usually not materialized.2 Since November 2001, funding agencies have provided substantial humanitarian relief support through UN agencies and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to Afghanistan on pure grant basis. Only limited grant financing has been available for reconstruction and development. The Government is very keen to start major reconstruction work. This has been difficult with bilateral development aid, which tends to be fragmented, tied, and small scale. While the Government continues to mobilize grant financing,3 resumption of concessional lending by international financial institutions (IFIs) to Afghanistan will be an essential part of global support for reconstruction and development. IFIs can provide only a small share of their assistance in the form of grants.
A detached copy. ; In Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects . London, 1900. vol. VII, 3d ser. no. 11. ; Effects of injudicious legislation, by J. Honeyman.--Block dwellings: The associated and self-contained systems, by H. Spalding.--The later Peabody buildings, by W.E. Wallis.--The rebuilding of the boundary street estate, by O. Fleming.--Discussion. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Started in 1995, this is perhaps the best known PES program in Africa designed to remove unwanted invasive plants that are threatening water supplies and biodiversity. The program employees marginalized and poor individuals to cut and remove invasive species from given watersheds, typically on government controlled land. Some debate that the program would be better classified as a public works program. However, the program does help out on private lands and several private companies or utilities have paid into the program to have invasive species cleared from their water supplies. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)
From the Communist Manifesto onwards, the self-emancipation of the working class was central to Marx's thought. And so it was for subsequent generations of Marxists including the later Engels, the pre-WW1 Kautsky, Lenin, Luxemburg, Trotsky and Gramsci. But in much contemporary Marxist theory the active role of the working class seems at the least marginal and at the most completely written off. This article traces the perceived role of the working class in Marxist theory, from Marx and Engels, through the Second and Third Internationals, Stalinism and Maoism, through to the present day. It situates this in political developments changes in the nature of the working class over the last 200 years. It concludes by suggesting a number of questions about Marxism and the contemporary working class that anyone claiming to be a Marxist today needs to answer.
By the standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO), working conditions in Europe are relatively enviable. This chapter, however, highlights a number of trends that are both counterproductive for companies and harmful for employees and the community. Over the past twenty years, the conditions and forms of work organisation have been changing in ways that no longer meet the evolution of the working population. In particular, they no longer match the high and 'expressive' expectations of ever more qualified employees, the increasing number of women in the labour market, changing lifestyles and an ageing workforce. During this time, the notion of 'quality of work' has sometimes been high on the political agenda. It is now being taken into consideration at the European level thanks to the new European Pillar of Social Rights and the concept of sustainable work. This chapter explores academic and political discourses on the quality of work and provides a review of working conditions in Europe and current challenges in this area. It is based on successive waves of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound). In conclusion, we ask whether the notion of sustainable work can be incorporated into the ILO's forward-looking approach and become a decisive factor in the future of the world of work.
By the standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO), working conditions in Europe are relatively enviable. This chapter, however, highlights a number of trends that are both counterproductive for companies and harmful for employees and the community. Over the past twenty years, the conditions and forms of work organisation have been changing in ways that no longer meet the evolution of the working population. In particular, they no longer match the high and 'expressive' expectations of ever more qualified employees, the increasing number of women in the labour market, changing lifestyles and an ageing workforce. During this time, the notion of 'quality of work' has sometimes been high on the political agenda. It is now being taken into consideration at the European level thanks to the new European Pillar of Social Rights and the concept of sustainable work. This chapter explores academic and political discourses on the quality of work and provides a review of working conditions in Europe and current challenges in this area. It is based on successive waves of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound). In conclusion, we ask whether the notion of sustainable work can be incorporated into the ILO's forward-looking approach and become a decisive factor in the future of the world of work.
Abstract Bruce Springsteen grew up in Freehold New Jersey. Supported by his working-class family he found his way to major success as a rock musician at a young age. This piece touches on Springsteen and his interaction with politicians, his infamous and misunderstood song "Born in the USA." Charity involvement including Boys and Girls Club of America and Hurricane Sandy relief efforts are emphasized as Springsteen reconnects to his roots at the Jersey Shore. Factories such as Farmland Dairies, Ocean Spray, and Mercedes Benz headquarters have been shut down and outsourced work due to high New Jersey taxes. "Trenton Makes the World Takes" was once a sign that gave working class people hope for a better life. As they worked on opposite sides of the bridge, supplying the world with handcrafted goods while they provided a living for themselves and their families. Statistics show now that many people in the state of New Jersey live dangerously close to the poverty level. Although not close enough to receive any benefits.
"The aim of this collection is to make possible the forging of a more robust, politically useful, and theoretically elaborate understanding of working-class literature(s). These essays map a substantial terrain: the history of working-class literature(s) in Russia/The Soviet Union, The USA, Finland, Sweden, The UK, and Mexico. Together they give a complex and comparative – albeit far from comprehensive – picture of working-class literature(s) from an international perspective, without losing sight of national specificities. By capturing a wide range of definitions and literatures, this collection gives a broad and rich picture of the many-facetted phenomenon of working-class literature(s), disrupts narrow understandings of the concept and phenomenon, as well as identifies and discusses some of the most important theoretical and historical questions brought to the fore by the study of this literature. If read as stand-alone chapters, each contribution gives an overview of the history and research of a particular nation's working-class literature. If read as an edited collection (which we hope you do), they contribute toward a more complex understanding of the global phenomenon of working-class literature(s)."
"Chateau-Thierry - Travailleurs Américains refaisant une route. Anex working a road." ; https://digital.kenyon.edu/arthistorystudycollection/1474/thumbnail.jpg
The rise to prominence of the service sector - heralded over half a century ago as the great hope for the twenty-first century - has come to fruition. In many cases, employment in the service sector now outnumbers that in manufacturing sectors, and it is accepted that in all developed countries, the service sector is the only one in which employment will grow in future. The reasons for this is the subject of much controversy and debate, the outcomes of which are not merely of academic interest but of decisive importance for economic policy and the quality of working and living conditions in future. In order to examine these various arguments, research teams from eight European countries worked together for three years on a comparative study of the evolution of service sector employment in EU member states. They also investigated working and employment conditions in five very different service industries (banking, retailing, hospitals, IT services and care of the elderly) in a number of countries, and the results of their research are presented in this informative new collection, of interest to students academics and researchers involved in all aspects of industrial economics.
